Review the Animal Kingdom

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Review the Animal Kingdom

• 4 Major Characteristics?
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophs
• Cells lack cell walls

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7 Essential Functions?

• Feeding
• Respiration
• Circulation
• Excretion

• Response
• Movement
• Reproduction

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Hard Shells
Fur Milk Glands
Amniotic Egg
Lungs
Bony Skeleton
jaws
Brain Encased Skull
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The Anatomy of a Sponge
Water flow
Osculum
Collar Cell
Central cavity
Pores
Spicule
Pore cell
Pore
Epidermal cell
Archaeocyte
What makes these animals the simplest of all
animals?
Asymmetrical animals with no true tissues
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The first phyla with true tissues is the
_______________________ phyla.
Cnidarian
Whose name literally means _______________________
_______
Stinging cells
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Cnidarians have two body forms
Polyp - stationary, vase-shaped
Medusa - swimming, cup-shaped
Examples hydra, coral, sea anemone
Examples jellyfish, portuguese man of war
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3 Groups of Worms?

• Flatworms
• Roundworms
• Segmented Worms
• What do all 3 groups have in common?
• Bilateral symmetry, cephalization, sexual
  reproduction, true organs,

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Flatworm adaptation?

• Simplest animals to have bilateral symmetry and
  cephalization.
• First True Organs

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Roundworm Adaptation?

• First animals to have a one way digestive system
  with mouth and anus

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Segmented Worm Adaptation?

• First animals to have true circulatory system

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Name the phyla
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Mollusks
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Oysters
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Clams
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Giant Clams
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Zebra Snail
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Chinese Mystery Snail
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Octopus
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Blue Ringed Octopus
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Chambered Nautilus
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Caribbean Reef Squid
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Giant Squid
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Cuttlefish
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Mollusks

• Soft-bodied invertebrates
• Have bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and true
  organ systems
• Usually have one or two shells with organs in a
  fluid filled cavity
• Most live in water
• Diverse - Many different species
• Well developed nervous system in most

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Mollusk Body Plan 4 parts to body

• 1. Foot- muscular and modified in each group
  used for crawling, burrowing, or may form
  tentacles for capturing prey
• 2. Mantle (covering) thin layer that covers
  most of the body and secretes the shell
• 3. Shell made of calcium carbonate for
  protection
• 4. Visceral mass area where internal organs are
  located.

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 The Mollusk Body Plan
Section 27-4
Squid
Snail
Shell Mantle cavity Foot Gills Digestive tract
Clam
Earlymollusk
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 The Anatomy of a Clam
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Classification of Mollusks

• Classified into three common groups based on
  shell presence and type and foot modification
• 1. Gastropods
• 2. Bivalves
• 3. Cephalopods

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1. Gastropods

• Largest group of mollusks
• Usually have a single shell
• Use a radula (a tongue-like organ with rows of
  teeth) to get food
• Have foot glands that secrete a layer of mucus
  for sliding
• Includes snails, conchs, and garden slugs

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2. Bivalves

• Have a hinged, two-part shell
• To open or close their shell they either contract
  or relax their muscles
• Includes clams, oysters, and scallops
• Well adapted for water
• Clams can burrow in sand
• Mussels attach themselves to a solid surface
• Scallops escape predators by rapidly opening and
  closing their shell

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3. Cephalopods

• Most specialized and complex mollusks.
• Include squid, octopuses, and chambered
  nautiluses.
• Have a well developed head and many tentacles for
  capturing prey.
• Closed circulatory system
• Moves blood through the body in a series of
  closed vessels like humans.
• Use jet propulsion to move at speeds of 6 m/s.

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• III. Feeding herbivores, carnivores, filter
  feeders, or parasites some use radula (tongue
  with teeth) to feed filter feeders suck in water
  with a siphon

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• IV. Respiration/Circulation/Excretion advanced
  organ systems - aquatic mollusks have gills,
  terrestrial mollusks use diffusion open
  circulatory system in some, closed in others
• V. Response/Movement- well developed nervous
  system in most, use mucus to slide, foot to
  crawl, jet propulsion in water. Octopi are most
  intelligent invertebrates
• VI. Reproduction sexual, internal and external
  fertilization, some hermaphrodites

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VII. Why are mollusks important?

1. Sources of food for humans and other animals.
2. Biologists can use some mollusks to monitor water
   quality in an area because they concentrate
   dangerous chemicals in their tissues
3. Some mollusks never seem to develop cancer
   research being done to apply to human health
   care

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Echinoderms- Spiny Skin
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Echinoderms- SPINY SKIN

• Characteristics
• Embryonic development most similar to vertebrates
  
• Have a thin, bumpy or spiny epidermis
• Radial symmetrical allowing them to sense food,
  predators and other things in the environment
  from all directions. Have no head or brain, but
  have a nerve ring that surrounds the mouth
• Have mouth, stomach, intestines
• Feed on a variety of plants and animals
• Also have cells that respond to light and touch

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Water-Vascular System

• A characteristic unique to echinoderms
• Allows them to move, exchange CO2 and O2, capture
  food, and release wastes
• It is a network of water-filled canals with
  thousands of tube feet connected to it.
• Tube feethollow, thin walled tubes that ends in
  a suction cup.
• As pressure in the tube feet changes the animal
  is able to move along by pushing out and pulling
  in its tube feet

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Types of Echinoderms

• Sea Stars
• Brittle Stars
• Sea Urchins
• Sand Dollars
• Sea Cucumbers

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Value of Echinoderms

• Feed on dead organisms in the marine environment
• Help recycle material
• Used for food
• Possible sources of medicine
• Sea stars can help control the population of
  other organisms

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Arthropods

• Characteristics
• Largest group of animals
• Have jointed appendages which include legs,
  antennae, claws and pincers
• Have bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies,
  exoskeletons, a body cavity, a digestive system
  with two openings and a nervous system
• Most have separate sexes and reproduce sexually

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Arthropods

• Body Segments
• Bodies of these animals are divided into segments
  similar to segmented worms
• Some have many segments, others have segments
  that are fused together to form body regions
• Exoskeleton
• A hard outer covering that supports and protects
  the internal body and provides places for muscle
  to attach.
• Doesnt grow as the animals does, it is shed and
  replaced during a process called molting

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Insects

• Have three body regions
• Head
• Has a pair of antennae, eyes and a mouth
• Thorax
• Three pairs of legs and one or two pairs of wings
  if present are attached here
• Abdomen
• Where reproductive structures are found

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Insects

• Have an open circulatory system that carries
  digestive food to cells and removes wastes
• Insect blood doesnt carry O2 instead air enters
  and exits through openings called spiracles found
  on the abdomen and thorax
• Are the only invertebrate animals that can fly

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Metamorphosis

• A series of changes that an insect goes through
• Two types
• Complete
• Includes stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult
• Ex. Butterflies, bees, flies
• Incomplete
• Includes stages of egg, nymph, adult
• The nymph form molts several times before
  becoming an adult
• Ex. Grasshoppers, crickets

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Insects Food

• Feed on a number of things have different mouth
  parts to obtain food
• Grasshoppers and ants have large mandibles for
  chewing
• Butterflies and honey bees have siphons for
  lapping up nectar
• Aphids and mosquitoes have mouth parts that are
  adapted for piercing into plants or other
  organisms

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Insects success

• Insects are extremely successful based these
  reasons
• Tough flexible, waterproof exoskeleton
• Ability to fly
• Rapid reproduction cycles
• Small sizes
• Insects have other adaptations that allow them to
  be successful

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Arachnids

• Have two body regions
• Cephalothorax and an abdomen
• Four pairs of legs and no antennae
• Many are adapted to kill prey with poison glands,
  stingers, or fangs
• Some are parasites

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Arachnids

• Scorpions
• Have sharp, poison filled stinger at the end of
  abdomen.
• Have a well-developed appendages which they can
  grab their prey.
• Spiders
• Cant chew their food, release enzymes into prey
  to digest itthen suck the predigest liquid into
  its mouth.
• Have book lungs where O2 and CO2 are exchanged.

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Arachnids

• Mites Ticks
• Most are parasites
• Ticks have specialized mouthparts to remove blood
  from the host.
• Ticks often carry disease such as Lyme disease.

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Centipedes Millipedes

• Have long bodies and many segments, exoskeleton,
  jointed legs, antennae and simple eyes.
• Found in damp environments
• Reproduce sexually
• Make nests for eggs and stay with them until they
  hatch.
• Centipedes are predators
• Millipedes feed on decaying plant matter.

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Crustaceans

• Have one or two pair of antennae and mandibles,
  which are used for crushing food.
• Most live in water, but some live in moist
  environments on landsuch as pill bug.
• Have five pair of legs, first pair of legs are
  claws for catching and holding food.

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Crustaceans

• Swimmerets are appendages on the abdomen which
  help in movement and are used in reproduction
  also force water over the gills used in O2 and
  CO2 exchange
• If a crustacean loses an appendage it can
  regenerate it

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Value of Arthropods

• A source of food
• Agriculture would be impossible without bees and
  other insects to pollinate crops
• Useful chemicals are obtain from some arthropods
• Important part of ecological community

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Controlling Insects

• Not all arthropods are of value some are pests
  that carry disease or can damage crops

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Controlling Insects

• Common ways to control insects
• Insecticides, but these also kill non-harmful
  insects
• Biological controls
• Types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be used
  to control insects
• Natural predators being released to kill the
  harmful insect
• Some how interfere with reproduction of the
  particular insect

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Origin of Arthropods

• Some fossils are more than 500 million years old
• Scientist hypothesized that arthropods probably
  evolved from an ancestor of segmented worms
  because they have body segments
• The hard exoskeleton and walking legs allowed
  arthropods to be among the first animals to live
  successfully on land