GNSS FOR CIVIL AVIATION

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GNSS FOR CIVIL AVIATION
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PRESENTATION STRUCTURE

• Global Scenario
• Performance Based Navigation
• Automatic Dependent Surveillance
• GNSS Survey
• Ionospheric Data Collection Workshop
• Summary

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37TH SESSION ICAO ASSEMBLY

• Resolution A37-11 (28 Sept 8 Oct,
  2010)supersedes Resolution A36-23 (18 28 Sep,
  2007)
• Urges all States to complete a national PBN
  implementation plan as soon as possible to
  achieve
• PBN for en-route and terminal areas (according to
  established timelines and intermediate
  milestones)
• PBN approach procedures with vertical guidance
  (APV) for all instrument runway ends (as primary
  or back-up for precision approach) by 2016 30
  by 2010, 70 -- by 2014
• Requirement to add LNAV minima to any approach
  chart for approach procedures with vertical
  guidance
• Allow States to publish LNAV only approach if no
  traffic equipped (avionics) for operations with
  vertical guidance

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GNSS MANUAL (Doc 9849)

• ICAO GNSS Manual (Doc 9849) being updated/revised
  by the NSP
• Hurdles in the path of GNSS implementation were
  identified by NSP and mitigation of these hurdles
  are proposed to be addressed in the document
• Document refers to the Global Air Navigation Plan
  (ICAO Doc 9750) and calls for early
  implementation of GNSS linking it with Global
  Plan Initiatives (GPI), applications like PBN,
  ADS-B, ADS-C etc.
• Document briefly discusses Safety Case, Business
  Case and the transition plans.
• Document discusses Performance Requirements, Core
  Satellite Constellations, Augmentation Systems,
  GNSS Vulnerabilities, GNSS Evolution,
  Implementation of GNSS-Based Services etc. in
  seven chapters and four appendices
• The Document provides a very good guidance for
  those who are connected with GNSS implementation
  and usage

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BENEFITSCAPACITY -- EFFICIENCY

• ATLANTA TRIALS
• Improvement runway utilization Atlanta (ATL)
• Worlds busiest airport
• Approx 94 of daily departures RNAV capable
• More departure lanes and exit points
• Capacity gain of 9 12 departures/hour
• Repeatable and predictable paths
• Benefits
• Increased throughput
• Reduced departure delays
• 30M annual benefit (at 2007 levels)

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FUEL SAVINGS/EMISSIONS REDUCED

• Continuous Descent Operation (CDO)
• North Arrival STAR Atlanta (ATL)
• 144 liters of fuel savings and 360 kg reduction
  in CO2 emissions per flight
• North Arrival STAR at Miami (MIA)
• 182 197 liters of fuel savings and 460 500 kg
  reduction of CO2 emissions per flight
• Before RNAV
  After RNAV

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ROADBLOCKS

• Lack of Expertise
• Airspace Development
• Operational approval process
• Pilot and Air Traffic Controllers Training
• Coordination between stakeholders
• National
• Regional
• Clearing some misconceptions
• PBN is not a new navigation philosophy, but is
  just a tool to implement navigation concept for
  aircraft capability which has existed for more
  than three decades
• Does not need the States to overhaul complete
  navigational infrastructure, but can be
  implemented step-by-step
• Navspec based on operational needs hence need
  not be most advanced

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PBN INITIATIVES

• Guidance Materials CDO Manual (Doc 9931),
  Airspace Design Manual, Ops Approval Manual,
  revised GNSS Manual etc.
• Education Training being organized on Airspace
  Design, CDO design, Procedure Design and Ops
  Approval etc. by ICAO Asia Pacific Office Flight
  Procedure Programme (FPP)
• Implementation Assistance GO Team, in
  coordination with IATA visits reasonably advanced
  (PBN) States to provide implementation assistance
• Global Coordination Global coordination
  processes have been developed to exchange
  information/expereinces

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PBN/TF/8

• Eighth Meeting of the Asia Pacific Performance
  Based Navigation Task Force (PBN/TF/8) was held
  in New Delhi, India on 12 13 May, 2011.
• The Meeting was preceded by a PBN Seminar and
  Workshop held in the same venue from 9 to 11 May
  2011
• The Workshop provided information on the Airspace
  Concept and used recent development in Kapitali
  TMA of Kapitali Airport, Coldland as a simulation
  exercise.
• In the Seminar, States and international
  organizations exchanged information on the
  developments that are taking place in the global
  scenario.
• After reviewing the outcome of a survey conducted
  to assess States readiness to use RNP4 (30 NM
  lateral separation), it was concluded that
  presently the use of RNP4 standards is likely to
  be applied only where a strategic advantage can
  be derived.

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AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE BROADCAST
(ADS-B) Out

• Regional Mandates
• Australia a) Mandate ADS-B for upper airspace (gt
  FL 290) in Dec 2009
• b) SA-Aware receiver will
  be required 28 June 2012
• Hong Kong, China Use of ADS-B out
• a) After 31 Dec 2013 for
  aircraft flying over PBN routes L642 or M771
  between FL 290 and FL410
• b) After 31 Dec 2014 for aircraft flying
  within Hong Kong FIR between FL290 to FL410
• Singapore (CAAS AIC 14, 28 Dec 2010)
• a) Implement use of ADS-B Out after 12 Dec
  2013 within certain parts of Singapore FIR (FLgt
  290)
• Other APAC Regulatory Agencies
• a) Expected to follow ADS-B Avionics
  Requirements Template APANPIRG Conclusion 21/39

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ADS-B OUT OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS

• Non Radar Area
• Safety Enhancement
• Traffic Management SSR like
• Capacity increase by reducing separation to SSR
  like (e.g. 5NM)
• Reduction in cost of operation for aircraft (like
  better flight level)
• Radar Area
• Enables decommissioning of redundant SSRs
  providing same level of service
• Expected to be the primary means of surveillance
  with radar as back-up
• Usable in combination with other surveillance
  sensors like Wide Area Multi-lateration, SSR, PSR
  etc.
• Airport Applications
• New tool for surface movement surveillance
• Integrated with A-SMGCS expected to fulfill
  airport requirements

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AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE BROADCAST
(ADS-B) IN

• No ADS-B In regulatory mandate foreseen at this
  time
• Mature Standards and Operational Procedures are
  required for achieving the operational benefits.
• RTCA DO-317 Minimum Operational Performance
  Standards (MOPS) for ASAS published in April
  2009.
• ADS-B In functions include airborne situation
  awareness, approach situation awareness and
  airport surface situation awareness.
• ADS-B In benefits
• Provides Safety enhancement
• In Trail Procedures provide economic benefit by
  increasing the chance of being granted higher
  preferential altitude, thus reducing fuel
  consumption

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ADS-B SITF/10

• Tenth Meeting of ADS-B Study and Implementation
  Task Force was held in Singapore from 26 to 29
  April 2011. Meeting was attended by 78
  participants from 18 administrations and three
  international organizations
• Meeting formulated a draft Conclusion adopting
  guidance material on building a Safety Case for
  Delivery of an ADS-B Separation Service. 
• Meeting noted that ICAO Circular 311 had been
  withdrawn and had been replaced with ICAO
  Circular 326.
• Revised Sample Agreement for Data Sharing
  adopted, revised agreement more comprehensive,
  precise, simple, easier to read and more
  acceptable. Number of annexes reduced. New
  agreement used between Singapore and Indonesia.
• Meeting agreed that cooperation in supporting VHF
  voice communication of other State equally
  important as ADS-B of other State. Draft
  Conclusion adopted urging States to support VHF
  radio air/ground communication infrastructure of
  adjacent State and coordinate with ICAO regional
  office and national telecom authorities for
  assignment of VHF frequency

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GNSS SURVEY

• APANPIRG/21 (September 2010) noted with concern
  slow progress of GNSS implementation in the
  region.
• To assess level of GNSS implementation in the
  region, survey questionnaire circulated through
  APAC State Letter dated 30 November 2010.
• Response has been received from 23
  Administrations (out of 40) at an overall
  response rate of 57.5. Efforts are being made
  to get response from more States.
• Survey outcome depicting level of GNSS
  implementation in Asia/Pacific region is provided
  in the following slides

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SURVEY OUTCOME

• Most States have developed GNSS implementation
  plan, in the remaining States no formal plan is
  there but they are implementing selected GNSS
  applications
• Most States according approval on Supplementary
  basis for RNAV, SID/STARs, Non Precision
  Approach, Approach with Vertical Guidance and
  Precision Approach. Many States according
  approval for Oceanic/Remote Areas on Only Means
  basis
• Many States have received request from
  domestic/international airline operators to
  implement GNSS based services. Others have
  adopted GNSS based applications on their own
• Most of the States in the region have completed
  WGS-84 survey both for waypoints and for
  airports. Few States have not completed survey
  for waypoints and/or all their airports.
• Some States have not developed any mechanism to
  maintain their database (including WGS 84
  data).

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SURVEY OUTCOME (Contd.)

• More than half the States, which responded have
  drawn up decommissioning plan for conventional
  navigation aids. Decommission in 5 to 15 years.
• Most of the States already published their
  National Performance Based Navigation (PBN) Plan,
  but some States have not sent copy of their plan
  to Regional office. Almost all the States have
  used ICAO GNSS Manual (Doc 9849) for guidance.
• About 70of the States plan to promulgate PBN
  approaches based on GNSS and/or Conventional
  navigation aids.
• About 30 of the responding States plan to
  implement SBAS and about 70 plan to implement
  GBAS.
• Many of the responding States using ADS-C and are
  planning to implement ADS-B
• About 80 of the States which responded informed
  that they need help/guidance from ICAO in the
  development and implementation of their GNSS plan
  

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WORKSHOP ON IONOSPHERIC STUDIES

• APANPIRG /20 held in September 2009 observed that
  characterization of ionosphere in the region
  useful for the implementation of GNSS
  applications
• A coordinated study should be carried out.
• ICAO invited to identify Focal Contact Points
• 11 Focal Contact points have been nominated by 11
  States
• APANPIRG/21 (September 2010) recognized that many
  States in the region lie in the Equatorial region
  and hence GNSS severely affected by ionospheric
  activity
• Supported proposed regional level
  coordination/cooperation for collection of
  ionospheric data and its analysis, ultimate
  objective of developing a regional ionospheric
  threat model

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WORKSHOP ON IONOSPHERIC STUDIES (Contd.)

• Japan invited to provide technical leadership for
  Workshop and ICAO invited to support development
  of a measurement campaign
• Noted that this cooperation/coordination more
  important for collection of data during solar
  maximum period , which is expected in 2013/2014
• Noted that sharing of archival data available
  with States will be useful
• Workshop on Ionospheric Data Collection, Analysis
  and Sharing to Support GNSS Implementation held
  on 5 and 6 May 2011, in the ICAO APAC Office,
  Bangkok
• Workshop facilitated by Dr. Susumu Saito, Senior
  Researcher, Japan Electronics Navigation Research
  Institute (ENRI) was attended by 20 experts from
  9 administrations

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WORKSHOP OBJECTIVE

• To enhance understanding of ionospheric issues in
  GNSS operations
• To exchange information and experience gained on
  GNSS and ionosphere related activities by each
  Administration
• To understand the need to carry out the
  ionospheric studies
• To discuss a common procedure for collecting
  ionospheric data by Administrations
• Ultimate outcome is a standard ionospheric model
  for GNSS operations applicable throughout the
  Region and
• The final goal to facilitate GNSS implementation
  in the Asia and Pacific Regions by mitigating
  ionospheric issues

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WORKSHOP OUTCOME

• Appreciated large ionospheric variability
  associated with the Equatorial Anomaly.
• Agreement to share data at levels 0, 1 or above.
• Huge size of raw data may not be practical to
  share
• Template will be developed for Ionospheric Data
  Collection
• Explore with other Agencies (including UN) on the
  possibility of sharing GNSS data
• Mechanism for analysis of GNSS data to be
  decided.
• RINEX (Receiver Independent Exchange) format
  generally acceptable for raw data

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LEVEL OF DATA TO BE SHARED
IONOSPHERIC DELAY SCINTILLATION
Level 3 -- Vertical delay at grid points -- Delay gradient Level 3 -- Irregularity drift velocity
Level 2 -- Slant delay (slant delay for each satellite, satellite position, biases) Level 2 -- Scintillation indices (amplitude and phase and correlation coefficients and lag times, if applicable)
Level 1 -- Human readable (e.g. RINEX) raw data (pseudo range, carrier phase and lock-time for each satellite, ephemeris) Level 1 -- Receiver independent raw data (time-series and carrier phase for each satellite, ephemeris)
Level 0 -- Receiver specific raw data Level 0 -- Receiver specific raw data
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WORKSHOP RECOMMENDATIONS

• Workshop developed following recommendations for
  the consideration of CNS/MET Sub Group of
  APANPIRG
• States urged to coordinate with their relevant
  national organization for sharing available GNSS
  data
• Task Force needs to be established to identify
  need for Regional Ionospheric Threat Model for
  GBAS and SBAS and create them if required
• ICAO Regional Office to coordinate with APEC GIT
  for initiative being carried out for ionospheric
  data collection
• APEC Economies requested to support initiative by
  encouraging relevant agencies to share data
  collected with civil aviation community

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SUMMARY

• APEC States requested to support APANPIRG
  initiative of ionospheric data collection and
  development of a threat model
• Economies requested to help in providing archival
  ionospheric data and facilitate sharing of data
  with other agencies in their Administration
  engaged in ionospheric data-collection and
  analysis
• APEC GIT requested to facilitate sharing of
  ionospheric and other GNSS related data from
  Test-bed Project, marine and surface
  transportation sectors
• Economies are requested to complete WGS-84 survey
  to facilitate speedy implementation of GNSS
• APEC GIT requested to share information regarding
  GNSS implementation in other transportation
  sector and provide guidance for improving the
  implementation level in aviation sector

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THANK YOU!