Human Development

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Human Development
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Human Growth and Development

• Human growth and development is a process that
  begins with Birth and does not end until death

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Growth generally refers to changes in size
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Developmentoccurs through maturation of
physical mental capacities learning
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Development

• Developmental stages have specific behaviors
  appropriate and normal for that particular
  period in an individuals life.
• Behavior is also affected by cultural and
  religious differences.

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Why Study?

• During all stages of growth and development,
  individuals have needs which must be met.
• Health care workers must be aware of the various
  stages and of individual needs in order to
  provide quality health care.

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Types of Growth and Development

• Physical The actual bodily changes observed in a
  client during a period of growth.
• Refers to body growth and includes
  height/weight changes, muscle/nerve
  development, and changes in body organs

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Types of Growth and Development

• Mental (Intellectual-Cognitive) The thinking
  skills a client develops during a particular
  period of growth. Refers to development of the
  mind and includes learning how to solve problems,
  make judgments, and deal with situations

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Types of Growth and Development

• Emotional The changes in feelings a client may
  experience during a particular period. Refers to
  feelings and includes dealing with love, hate,
  joy, fear, excitement, and similar feelings
• Social Refers to interactions and relationships
  with others

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Life Stages
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Infancy
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• a. language of newborn is the cry
• usually eats every 2 to 3 hours
• c. uncoordinated movements
• d. toothless
• e. poor vision (focusing range 8 to 12 inches)
• f. usually doubles weight by 9 months
• g. responds to human voice touch

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Aspects of Care One Month to One Year

• a. Regular health check-ups and immunizations.
• b. Tactile stimulation, such as physical contact
  and cuddling, as well as attention to needs, is
  required for appropriate growth and development.
• Food breast milk or formula is sufficient for
  the first 6 months

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Safety

• Safety must be considered at all times. Take
  the following safety measures
• Keep emergency phone numbers available.
• Ensure the crib meets federal safety standards.
• Use an appropriate car seat.
• Do not allow pillows, comforters, or plush toys
  in bed with the child.

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Safety

• Prevent falls.
• Prevent choking.
• Remove hanging toys from the crib when the child
  begins to reach, pull, and roll over.
• Never leave the child unattended in the car.
• Secure and keep out of reach all cords on window
  blinds, lamps, and electrical equipment.

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Early Childhood
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One-Year Old
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• a. change from plump baby to leaner more
  muscular toddler
• b. begins to walk talk
• ability for passive language (better
  understanding of whats being said)
• d. tentative sense of independence
• e. determined explorer

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Two-Year Old
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• begins to communicate verbally (names, etc.)
• b. can usually speak in 3 to 4 word sentences
• c. famous for negative behavior
• NO! to everything!
• temper tantrums
• will play side by side other children, but does
  not actively play with them
• e. great imitators

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Three-Year Old
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• wants to be just like parents
• vocabulary and pronunciation continue to expand
• c. climbs stairs with alternating feet
• d. can briefly stand on one foot

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Four-Year Old
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• sentences are more complex speaks well enough
  for strangers to understand
• imagination is vivid line between what is real
  imaginary is often indistinct
• develops fears (common fears fear of dark, fear
  of animals, fear of death)

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Five-Year Old
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a. can hop on one foot skipb. can
accurately copy figuresc. may begin to
readd. social with other children
their age
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The Preschooler Aspects of Care

• Many of the same safety precautions as infant
• Maintain regular checkups, including a
• complete preschool physical.
• Immunizations must be kept up to date.
• Nighttime routines help a child feel secure.

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Late Childhood Preadolescence6-11
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• both large small muscles well-developed
• developed complex motor skills
• from independent activities to same sex group
  activities
• acceptance by peers very important
• parental approval still important

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The Elementary School Child Aspects of Care

• Structure, schedule, and consistent daily
  activities are important.
• Activities must be monitored to prevent physical
  injury.
• Health and dental care and immunizations must be
  maintained.

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Adolescence12-20

• traumatic life stage for child parent
• b. puberty occurs
• extremely concerned with appearance
• trying to establish self-identity
• confrontations with authority

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The Adolescent Aspects of Care

• Provide adequate calcium and weight-bearing
  exercise.
• Provide sex education and information about
  sexually transmitted diseases.
• Encourage friendships, sporting events, and
  social events.
• Listen to them.
• Give them the facts.

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The Adolescent Aspects of Care

• Trust them.
• Provide them with firm and friendly discipline.
• Be consistent.
• Educate them, with their independence in mind.
• Set limits and stick to them.
• Set examples of good behavior and taste.
• Remember how it felt to be an adolescent.

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Young Adult21-39
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• a. physical development complete
• emotional maturation continues to develop
• usually learned to accept responsibility for
  actions accept criticism
• d. usually knows how to profit from errors
• socially progress from age-related peer groups to
  people with similar interests

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Aspects of Care

• Regular weight-bearing and aerobic exercise
• Balanced nutritional plan
• Need social contact
• Stress management
• Regular health check ups
• Regular dental care

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Middle Adulthood40-64
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• a. physical changes begin to occur
• i. hair begins to thin gray
• ii. wrinkles appear
• iii. hearing vision decrease
• iv. muscles lose tone
• main concerns children, health, job security,
  aging parents, fear of aging
• love acceptance still take a major role

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Aspects of care

• Same as a young adult

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Late Adulthood65 and older
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• a. fastest growing age bracket of society
• physical deterioration (brittle bones, poor
  coordination)
• c. some memory problems
• coping with retirement forms of entertainment
• e. very concerned with health finances
• significant number become depressed suicide rate
  is high

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Aspects of Care

• Regular exercise and nutritional plans become
  more important
• Watch for excessive fatigue
• As an adult matures, retires and maybe even loses
  a spouse, opportunities for socialization may
  decrease.
• Use it or lose it Individuals that maintain
  active interest in the world around them maintain
  mental function better than those individuals who
  dont

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Individual Differences To Take Into Consideration
when taking care of all ages

• a. Cultural differences
• value systems, rites of passage, rituals
• b. Ethnic differences
• skin tones, facial features, language
• c. Religious differences
• d. Physical differences
• large/small, thin/fat, anomalies, disabilities
• e. Personalities
• predisposition to be outgoing, shy, creative,
  etc.