Unit II The Constitution and Federalism

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Unit II The Constitution and Federalism

• Chapters 2 3

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Chpt. 2 The Constitution

• Key Terms to Know
• Amendment process
• Antifederalists
• Bicameral
• Bill of Rights
• Checks and Balances
• Constitution
• Factions
• Federalism
• Federalist papers
• Federalists

• Great Compromise
• Judicial review
• Marbury v. Madison
• Natural rights
• New Jersey Plan
• Ratification
• Republic
• Separation of powers
• Shays Rebellion
• Virginia Plan
• Unalienable
• Unicameral

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Essential Questions to Answer

• Why was there a Constitutional Convention?
• What were the challenges of the convention?
• What are the key principles of the Constitution?
• What were the motives of the framers?
• What are some modern views on constitutional
  reform?

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Remember

• Politics how individuals or groups manipulate
  the systems and structures of government to
  achieve a desired outcome.
• Pluralism - groups compete with one another for
  control over policy w/ no one group dominating
• Hyper-Pluralism - pluralism gone crazy
• Elite Theory - an upper class rules, regardless
  of how government is organized.
• Different versions of the Elites
• Marxists
• The Power Elite (C Wright Mills)
• Bureaucrats (Weber)

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The Constitution

• The Constitution is a document motivated by FEAR
  - fear of a strong central government that would
  obliterate the rights of individuals!!!

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Locke and Rousseau What were their political
philosophies?
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Articles of Confederation v. The Constitution
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Strengths of the Articles of Confederation

• Congress could establish and control the armed
  forces, declare war, and make peace.
• Congress could enter into treaties and alliances.
• Congress could regulate coinage (but not paper
  money).
• Congress could borrow money from the people.

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Weaknesses of the Articles of the Confederation
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Weaknesses of the Articles of the Confederation,
(cont.)
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Weaknesses of the Articles of the Confederation,
(cont.)
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The Weaknesses?

• Congress could not tax or regulate interstate
  commerce
• No powerful executive
• No federal judicial system
• Unanimous to amend articles

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Path to The Constitutional Convention

• Shays Rebellion
• Virginia Plan
• New Jersey Plan
• The Great Compromise

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Shays Rebellion

• Massachusetts small farmers in debt
• many farmers in prison
• Daniel Shays leads rebellion in 1786
• rebellion suppressed, but demonstrated that the
  Articles of Confederation government was unable
  to maintain order

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Virginia v. New Jersey

• Virginia
• A national (bicameral)legislature would have
  supreme powers on all matters on which the
  separate states were not competent to act, as
  well as the power to veto any and all state laws
• At least one house of the legislature would be
  elected directly by the people

• New Jersey
• States representation in Congress unchanged from
  the Articles of Confederation each state would
  have one vote.
• Members of the lower house elected by the state
  legislatures rather than the people, with each
  state getting the same number of seats rather
  than seats proportional to its population.

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The Great Compromise

• A House of Representatives consisting initially
  of sixty-five members apportioned among the
  states roughly on the basis of population and
  elected by the people.
• A Senate consisting of two senators from each
  state to be chosen by the state legislatures.

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Primary Issues Debated at Convention

1. Representation (lasted _at_ 6 weeks)
2. Slavery
3. Voting
4. Economic Issues(Trade)
5. Individual Rights
6. Mr./Coach Laird - go over these!

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Left Unsaid

• Future of slavery?
• Full scope of national powers?
• No specific plan or role of the Supreme Court
• No specific plan for the role of presidential
  advisors

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Madison the Architect

• Readings Federalist Papers 10 (pages A21 A25)
  and 51 (pages A26 A29)
• Be sure you can answer these questions
• Motivations of these Founding Fathers?
• Factions?
• Who were the Antifederalists?

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Ratification of the Constitution

• Federalists
• -Those who favored a strong central government
  and the new constitution.
• Anti-Federalists
• -Those who opposed the adoption of the
  Constitution because of the documents centralist
  tendencies and because it also did not include a
  bill of rights.
• Go to http//wepin.com/articles/afp/index.htm

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Madison the Architect

• Separation of Powers
• Checks and Balances
• Limits on the Majority
• Federalism
• Supremacy Clause

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The Constitution pages A4 A20

• Preamble
• What principles are established in the Preamble?
• Articles
• Articles I, II, III, IV, V, VI
• Amendments
• Bill of Rights why?
• 11-27
• What are some of the Modern Views on
  Constitutional Reform? (pages 44 48)

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Motives of the Framers?

• Economic Interests
• (Review notes on board)

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The Constitutions Major Principles of Government

• Limited Government and Popular Sovereignty
• Federalism
• The central government shares sovereign powers
  with several state governments.
• Checks and Balances
• Madisonian Model- Separation of Powers

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Cont.

• Founders did not intend to create a direct
  democracy
• Two kinds of majorities
• 1. Voters House of Reps
• 2. States Senate
• Popular rule only one segment of the government
  State Legislators to elect Senators and Electors
  to choose president

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Legislative Powers

• Article 1, section 8
• Elastic Clause (National Bank to the Brady Bill)

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Executive Powers

• Qualifications of Office
• Head of state
• Head of political party
• Commander in chief
• Pardons, communications, reprieves

• Make treaties
• Make appointments
• Sign or veto
• State of the Union
• Special sessions of Congress
• Inherent powers

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Judicial Powers

• Marbury v. Madison

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Figure 2.1 Separation of Powers
Separation of powers, as envisioned by the
Founders, means not only that government
functions are to be performed by different
branches but also that officials of these
branches are to be chosen by different people,
for different terms, and to represent different
constituencies.
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The Constitutions MajorPrinciples of Government
(cont.)

• The Bill of Rights
• Compromise with the anti-federalists to secure
  the ratification of the Constitution.
• Protection of individual liberties against
  violations by the national government.

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Why there was an absence of a Bill of Rights

• Several guarantees in Constitution already
  (habeas corpus, no bill of attainder, no ex post
  facto law, trial by jury, no religious tests,
  etc.)
• 2. Most states had bills of rights
• 3. Intent to writing the Constitution was to
  limit federal govt. to specific powers

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Need for a Bill of Rights

• Ratification impossible without one
• Promise by key leaders to obtain one
• Bitter ratification, narrowly successful

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How the government works
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Changing the Constitution

• The formal process Article V
• The informal process judicial interpretation,
  Marbury v. Madison, 1803.
• What happened in this case and what was the
  resulting judicial power?

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Amending the Constitution

• Methods of Proposing an Amendment
• Most common is a 2/3 vote in each chamber of
  Congress.
• Methods of Ratifying an Amendment
• Three-fourths of the state legislatures vote in
  favor.
• Go to http//www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/co
  nstitution.overview.html

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Amendments
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Not counting the first ten and prohibition, the
document has been amended 15 times. There are 5
categories

• Additional power to the federal government (16th)
• Limiting powers of the states (14th)
• Expanding right to vote (15th, 19th, 26th)
• Changing the power of the voter to elect public
  officials (17th, 22nd)
• Changing the structure of government (?)

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The Constitution and Today

• Modern principles
• Popular sovereignty
• Federalism
• Separation of powers
• Checks and balances
• Judicial review
• Limited government

• Longevity due to
• Separation of powers
• Checks and balances
• Elastic clause
• Powers reserved to states
• Guaranteed rights
• Traditions of unwritten constitution (next slide)
• Judicial review
• Amendment process
• Inherent powers of the president

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Constitutional Reform - Modern Views

• Reducing SOP to enhance national leadership
• Gridlock
• Interference from legislators and special
  interest
• Stronger president
• More proactive and decisive government

• Making the System less democratic
• Govt. does too much, not too little
• Attention on individual wants over general
  preferences
• Cut back on govt. activism

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Traditions of Unwritten Constitution

• Certain factors in American political life have
  made the Constitution more flexible than the
  Founders envisioned
• Political parties
• Presidents Cabinet
• PACs
• Federal Bureaucracies
• Elastic Clause
• Presidential Interpretation (executive Privilege)
• Judicial Review

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The Politics of Homeland Security

• Tampering with the System of Checks and Balances

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Yeah!! ON YOUR OWN ASSIGNMENT

• School House Rocks!!
• Briefly describe Amendments 11 27.
• After viewing the fun and exciting segments of
  School House Rocks, create a song or ditty
  depicting one of the Amendments not part of the
  Bill of Rights.

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Review Key Terms Based on YOUR reading of the
chapter are there any terms that are not clear to
you? Speak now, or forever hold your peace!

• Amendment process
• Antifederalists
• Bicameral
• Bill of Rights
• Checks and Balances
• Constitution
• Factions
• Federalism
• Federalist papers
• Federalists

• Great Compromise
• Judicial review
• Marbury v. Madison
• Natural rights
• New Jersey Plan
• Ratification
• Republic
• Separation of powers
• Shays Rebellion
• Virginia Plan
• Unalienable
• Unicameral

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Essential Questions we should have answered by
now

• Why was there a Constitutional Convention?
• What were the challenges of the convention?
• What are the key principles of the Constitution?
• What were the motives of the framers?
• What are some modern views on constitutional
  reform?
• Lets tackle these
• What view of human nature is embodied in the
  Constitution?
• Is representative democracy possible without
  political compromise?
• Has the system of separate institutions sharing
  powers protected liberty and promoted equality as
  the Framers envisioned it would?

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Chpt. 3 FederalismDisclaimer this chapter may
be troubling for some of you. We will work
together on the material and implement examples
in modern times to help you grasp the material.
DO NOT PANIC!

• Key Terms to Know
• Block Grants
• Categorical Grants
• Conditions of Aid
• Cooperative federalism
• Devolution
• Dual federalism
• Entitlement Spending
• Federalism
• Federal system
• Gibbons v. Ogden

• Grants in Aid
• Initiative
• Mandates
• McCulloch v. Maryland
• Nullification
• Referendum
• Revenue sharing
• Unfunded mandates
• Unitary system

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Essential Questions to Answer

• What is the governmental structure (Federalism)?
  Do you think it is good or bad?
• What is the debate on the meaning of Federalism?
• What are examples of Federal-State relations?
• What is Federal Aid and Federal Control?
• What is a Devolution Revolution?

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Court Cases to Cover

• McCulloch v. Maryland (Alburl, Chang) (Rogers,
  Piel)
• Gibbons v. Ogden (Bailey, Frot.) (Roos, Pledger)
• US v. Darby Lumber (Bartlett, Jeter) (Seagraves,
  Puga)
• Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US (Brummel, Karr)
  (Smathers, Reed)
• US v. Lopez (Burch, Krae) (Sturm, Rose)
• Garcia v. San Antonio Metro (Cole, A, Le)
  (Tumpson)
• Fletcher v. Peck (Cole, S, McGee) (Wilson,
  Topuzova)
• Wisconsin v. Yoder (Daugette, Mode) (Wishon)
• Gitlow v. NY (Joshi, Nixon) (Tran)
• US v. Morrison (Perry, Noonan) (White)
• Brown v. Board(Poole, Peterson) (LAIRD)
• Raich v. Gonzales (Pugh, Pettit) (Moore,
  Williams) 2004(2005)

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Sharing Power

• Federalism is a political system in which power
  is shared between local units of
  government-states-and a national government.
  Only a handful of the worlds governments are
  federal. (U.S., Canada, Australia, India,
  Germany, and Switzerland are examples.) Most are
  unitary systems, in which the national government
  has final authority over all government
  activities.

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Devolution (Contract w/ America) Returning more
power to the state governments. A
counter-reaction to the imposition of the federal
government during the civil rights movements of
the 1960s.
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The Checkerboard of Governments

• The Census Bureau has counted
• 87,900 governments
• 3,034 counties
• 19,431 municipalities
• 16,506 townships
• 13,522 school districts
• 35,356 special districts
• 50 state governments and 1 national government

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Types of Governments in the U.S.
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Prior to 1930

• States were equal to the feds in their sphere of
  influence.
• Example Interstate v. Intrastate Commerce
• 10th Amendment
• Nullification
• The Constitution is a contract mutually entered
  into by the states and the feds. If the feds
  void this agreement, the state has the right to
  nullify a law, or eventually, the whole contract.
  
• John C. Calhoun of SC Nullification Crisis over
  tariffs.
• Civil War settled issues of states rights
• 13th, 14th, 15th.
• 14th Amendment Starts off no state.
• Two clauses Due Process and Equal Protection

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Marble Cake Federalism

• Areas of federal government started to spread
  into the states rights
• New Deal
• AAA, NRA, FDIC
• Fed govt took action into solving problems
• Supreme Court initially struck down these laws as
  a violation of states rights.
• Court Packing Plan, Eventually, FDR got to
  appoint new justices
• WWII
• Rationing
• Feds met needs of returning soldiers GI Bill and
  Housing help

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Creative Federalism

• Great Society of LBJ
• War on Poverty
• Medicare
• Medicaid
• Civil Rights Legislation
• Shared costs between states and feds of running
  programs
• Shared administration of programs
• In order for states to get full financial
  benefits, had to follow federal rules

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Competitive Federalism

• Richard Nixon/Ronald Reagan wanted to
  de-centralize the programs of LBJ
• Give states pieces of the marble cake but with
  strict conditions and promise to develop their
  own programs.
• Ex. Crossover Requirements
• For a state to receive money, it must agree to
  federal rules
• 1974 If states wanted to receive money to
  maintain federal highways, had to lower speed
  limit to 55.
• Clean Air Act of 1970
• Meet air standards to receive federal road money.
• In 1980s, the scope of federal programs was
  reduced, but feds responded with on strings
  attached when needs arose (FEMA)
• Hurricane Andrew (1992)
• LA Earthquake (1994)
• Floods of 1993

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Fiscal Federalism

• (Grants-in-aid)
• Federal funds given to states
• Most federalism it tied to money Whomever has
  the money, has the power.
• Purpose of these grants is to enable the states
  to run many programs at the local level and
  enable the feds to stay focused on major goals.
• Three major program areas Categorical grants,
  block grants, revenue sharing
• Two Types of Federal Control on States Spending
  of money
• Conditions of Aid
• Mandates

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Cooperative Dual Federalism

• Cooperative Done in cooperation with others
• Federalism A system of government in which power
  is divided between a central authority and
  constituent political units.
• Dual Federalism though the national government
  is supreme in its sphere, the states are equally
  supreme in theirs, and these two spheres of
  action should and could be kept separate.
  Example Interstate Commerce v. Intrastate
  Commerce
• McCulloch v. Maryland

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How do Cookies Add Up?
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The Constitutional Division of Powers

• The Powers of the National Government
• Powers Delegated
• Expressed powers- powers that are clearly
  provided for in the Constitution or congressional
  laws.
• Implied powers- necessary and proper clause
• Inherent powers- emergency powers
• Powers Prohibited
• Examples imposing taxes on exports, establishing
  a national public school system, and restricting
  freedoms.

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The Powers of the States- TENTH AMENDMENT

• Police Powers
• Examples Regulate commerce within their borders,
  maintain a state militia, and establish public
  schools.
• Powers Prohibited
• Examples Power to tax products that are
  transported across state lines, entering into
  treaties with other countries.
• Concurrent Powers
• Exercised by both state governments and the
  federal government. Example power to tax.

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Powers granted by the Constitution
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Powers denied by the Constitution
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Federalism

• In the U.S., federalism has endured mainly
  because of the American commitment to local
  self-government and because Congress consists of
  people who are elected by and responsible to
  local constituencies. Even though the national
  government has taken on vast powers, it often
  exercises those powers through state governments.
  The national government often finds itself
  seeking state compliance through regulations,
  grants, and other forms of pressure.

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Federalism

• Among Americans, federalism has its advocates and
  its opponents. Advocates argue that the federal
  system has created a unique and beneficial
  separation of power between national and state
  governments. It allows for political flexibility
  and assures individual rights. (ending of
  segregation)
• Opponents often see federalism as a tool for
  state governments to block important national
  actions. (allowed slavery, segregation, racism)

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Federalism

• One chief advantage of federalism facilitates
  political participation and activity!
• Federalism Back Then
• McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 (necessary and
  proper clause)
• Gibbons v. Ogden 1824

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The Struggle for Supremacy

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• The US Supreme Court established the doctrine of
  implied powers and the supremacy clause.
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
• The Court defined commerce as including all
  business dealings. The power to regulate
  interstate commerce was an exclusive national
  power with no limitations.
• The Civil War
• Secession- the formal withdrawal of southern
  states.

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Federalism

• Recent and Other Cases
• United States v. Lopez 1995
• Raich v. Gonzales 2004(2005)
• Brown v. Board of Education 1954
• Heart of Atlanta Hotel v. U.S. 1964
• Barron v. Baltimore 1833
• Gitlow v. New York 1925
• Wisconsin v. Yoder 1992

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The Evolution of Federalism

• Dual Federalism
• Both the national and state governments have
  separate and distinct functions and powers.
• Cooperative Federalism
• Both levels of governments ought to cooperate in
  solving problems facing the entire United States.
• Picket-Fence Federalism
• Specific policies and programs are administered
  by all levels of government-national, state, and
  local.

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The New Federalism

• Plan to limit the national governments role in
  regulating state governments.
• Devolution The transfer of power from the
  national government to the state and local
  governments.
• Example President Richard Nixons revenue
  sharing program (we will get to revenue sharing
  soon).

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Regulated Federalism

• Federal Mandates
• Requirements in federal legislation that compel
  states and local governments to comply with
  specific rules and regulations.
• Examples Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act of
  1990.
• Unfunded federal mandates.
• Preemption
• Federal authorities take over state or local
  level authority.
• Go to http//www.brook.edu

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Competitive Federalism

• What is competitive federalism?
• State and local governments compete for business
  and citizens.
• Advantage- Americans have many variables to
  consider when they choose which state to live in.
  
• Disadvantage-a state that offers more social
  services or lower taxes may suddenly experience
  an increase in population.

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From Dual Federalism toCooperative Federalism

• Industrialization and Urbanization
• The Great Depression
• The New Deal

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Number of Federal Laws
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The Politics of Homeland Security

• How Much Federal Control over the First
  Responders?

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Federalism and State Monies

• Categorical Grants are grants for specific
  purposes defined by federal law.
• Block Grants started in the 1960s, are grants
  with few strings attached in order to support
  broad programs in areas such as community
  development and social needs. 3 types
  operational (state child-care programs), capital
  (wastewater treatment plants), entitlement
  spending(income to families ex Social Security)
• Revenue Sharing is federal aid with no
  requirement as to matching funds and freedom to
  spend the money on almost any governmental
  purpose. It occurs when there is a budget
  surplus.

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Examples of State Monies

• Categorical (may require matching funds and very
  strict on how spent) Head Start U.S. educational
  program for disadvantaged preschool children
  building an airport, building a dorm
• Block (may require matching funds and more
  lenient on how spent) Entitlement Communities,
  Disaster Recovery, law enforcement, unemployment
• Revenue Sharing No requirement for matching
  funds and freedom to spend the money on almost
  any governmental purpose

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Which is Which?
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National Mandates and the Rise of Coercive
Federalism

• KennedyCategorical Grants
• LBJCreative Federalism
• NixonRevenue Sharing

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New Federalism

• Nixon
• block grants
• revenue sharing
• Reagan
• ended revenue sharing
• decrease federal regulations

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New New Federalism

• Clinton
• states as policy laboratories
• Gingrich
• devolution
• George W. Bush
• decrease federal regulations
• increased state control of welfare
• decreased state control of education

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What does the Federal Government Give the States
Money to Do?

• Ninety-two percent of the 376.4 billion of
  federal government is sending back to the states
  in 2003 is for programs in these areas.
• Source Budget of the United States, Fiscal Year
  2003, Analytical Perspectives (Washington DC US
  Government Printing Office, 2002

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Mandates

• Mandates are federal controls on state government
  activities outside the context of grants.
  Sometimes the federal government tells a state
  government what its activities and policies must
  be in order to receive grant money. These
  stipulations are called conditions of aid.
  Conditions of aid can be attached to
  grants-in-aid. Grants-in-aid are categorical and
  block grants. Unfunded Mandates are laws passed
  by Congress that create expenses for the states
  but provide no funds to meet the expenses.

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Mandates

• !!most mandates concern civil rights and
  environmental protection!!
• !!conditions of aid and mandates are the primary
  ways that the federal government pressures state
  governments!!
• !!states must comply with federal mandates and on
  the surface most mandates appear to be quite
  reasonable. Yet, some mandates are written in
  vague language that creates administrative and
  financial problems!!

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Mandate Examples
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Mandate Examples
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Mandate Examples
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Mandate Examples
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Mandate Examples
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Devolution Revolution Case Study

• With the election of Republican majorities in the
  House and Senate since 1994, a renewed effort was
  led by Congress to shift important functions back
  to the states.
• Welfare Aid to Families with Dependent Children
  (AFDC), is a program for unmarried women to
  receive aid for their dependent children. The
  AFDC was initiated earlier in the 20th century,
  but in the 1980s and 1990s abuses in the system
  began to strain the federal coffers set aside for
  the program. Simply put the number of women
  using it and the proportion of births out of
  wedlock rose dramatically. President Clinton
  vetoed the first two bills to cut it back, but
  signed the third. It ended any federal guarantee
  of support and, subject to certain rules, turned
  the management over to the states, aided by
  federal block grants. The rules said that every
  aided woman should begin working within two years
  and no woman could receive benefits for more than
  five years.
• Block grants for Entitlements the transferring
  of income to families and individuals

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Whew! We Got Through Federalism. Any Questions?

• Review Key Terms Based on YOUR reading of the
  chapter are there any terms that are not clear to
  you? Speak now, or forever hold your peace!
• Block Grants
• Categorical Grants
• Conditions of Aid
• Cooperative federalism
• Devolution
• Dual federalism
• Federalism
• Federal system
• Gibbons v. Ogden

• Grants in Aid
• Initiative
• Mandates
• McCulloch v. Maryland
• Nullification
• Referendum
• Revenue sharing
• Unfounded mandates
• Unitary system

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Essential Questions we should have answered by
now

• What is the governmental structure (Federalism)?
  Do you think it is good or bad?
• What is the debate on the meaning of Federalism?
• What are examples of Federal-State relations?
• What is Federal Aid and Federal Control?
• What is a Devolution Revolution?
• Lets Tackle These
• Where is sovereignty located in the American
  political system?
• How is power divided between the national
  government and the states under the Constitution?
• How has Americas federal system changed since
  the first days of the Republic?
• Chart the Advantages and Disadvantages of
  Federalism. Use Modern examples.

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Key Concepts to Remember

1. The Constitution was written as a result of a
   combination of historical, social, and political
   circumstances and events. Among these are
   Americas heritage as a British colony, as well
   as the lengthy evolution of representative
   government in Great Britain. The Constitution
   also mirrors the problems the young nation faced
   after the Revolution, the conflicts waged and the
   compromises offered at the Constitutional
   Convention of 1787, and the struggle over
   ratification.

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Key Concepts to Remember

• 2. The Constitution embodies five basic
  principles popular sovereignty and
  representative government, tempered by indirect
  election limited government separation of
  powers and checks and balances federalism and
  judicial review.
• 3. The unusually long life and durability of the
  Constitution owes much to its concise yet
  flexible text, which has allowed Congress, the
  president, and the courts to interpret the
  Constitution in ways appropriate for changing
  conditions. Because the Constitution has proven
  so adaptable, it has not been necessary to change
  it frequently through formal amendment. It is
  however, an imperfect document.

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Key Concepts to Remember

• 4. The drafters of the Constitution sought to
  create a government capable of governing,
  promoting economic development, and maintaining
  liberty (individual rights). The Federalist
  Papers reflects this philosophy and were written
  to convince opponents of ratification. Since
  ratification, a movement towards greater
  political and social equality has resulted in a
  series of amendments that has advanced the cause
  of equality while leaving the fundamental
  structure unaltered.

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Key Concepts to Remember

• 5. The Constitution is not neutral in its
  impact. By dividing government power among three
  branches and between the states and the national
  government, it has made quick, decisive, and
  comprehensive policy making difficult. But at
  the same time, divided governmental power has
  provided citizens with multiple points of access
  to decisions makers encouraged policy making
  through negotiation, bargaining, and compromise
  and proven resistant to authoritarian rule.

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Key Concepts to Remember

• 6. Federalism is a constitutional division of
  the powers of government between the national
  government and the state governments, with each
  exercising significant powers. It was the price
  of union- a necessary means for creating one
  nation out of thirteen highly independent states.

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Key Concepts to Remember

• 7. Until the 1930s, American federalism was
  characterized by the national and state
  governments operating in largely separate and
  distinct spheres of authority. But with the
  advent of the New Deal in the 1930s and
  subsequent extensions of the federal governments
  role, federal-state relations have been
  characterized by cooperative federalism, in which
  responsibilities are shared among the federal,
  state, and local governments.

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Key Concepts to Remember

• 8. An essential element of cooperative
  federalism is the grant-in-aid system, which
  transfers funds from the federal government to
  the states and localities for the purpose of
  carrying out federal policies. Federal grants
  have enabled state and local governments to
  expand their services but have also made them
  heavily dependent on the federal government for
  funds.

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Key Concepts to Remember

• 9. Because of the expanded role of the federal
  government since the 1930s, the federal system
  today is clearly more centralized than what the
  Framers envisioned. Which level of government
  should perform which functions and how those
  functions should be paid are continuing sources
  of conflict and politics.