Parts of Speech Overview

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Parts of Speech Overview
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Nouns

• Concrete person, place, thing (tangible)
• Abstract (idea) peace, truth, justice
  (intangible)
• Compound (two or more words used together as a
  single noun) firefighter, Iceland, prime
  minister, Red River Dam, sister-in-law
• Collective (group) chorus, committee, flock,
  herd, assortment, batch

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Pronouns

• Pronoun used in place of a noun
• Antecedent word replaced by pronoun
• Example
• Their dog obeyed them immediately and went to
  its
• ant. ant. pro.
  pro.
• bed.

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Pronouns

• Personal Pronouns (refer to a speaker)
• First Person (speaker)
• Second Person (spoken to)
• Third Person (spoken about)
• Nominative Case (subject, predicate nominative
  (after LV)
• Singular
  Plural
• 1st person I
  we
• 2nd person you
  you
• 3rd person he, she, it
  they

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Nominative Case

• Used as subject and predicate nominative (after
  LV is, am, are, was, were, be, been)
• Singular Plural
• 1st person I
  we
• 2nd person you you
• 3rd person he, she, it they

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Objective Case Pronouns

• Objective Case (direct object, indirect object,
  object of prepositions)
• Singular
  Plural
• 1st person me
  us
• 2nd person you
  you
• 3rd person him, her
  them

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Possessive Case

• Possessive Adjective followed by noun
• my, your, his, her, its, our, your (plural),
  their
• Possessive Pronoun replaces adjective and noun
  modified
• mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs
• mine my pencil
• pronoun adjective

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Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

• Ends in self , or selves
• myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
  ourselves, themselves
• Hisself and theirselves are not standard grammar.
• Intensive (immediately follows antecedent)
• Hitler himself destroyed Germany.
• Reflexive (reflects back to antecedent/separated)
• Hitler destroyed Germany himself.

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Demonstrative Pronouns

• Point out (which one?) th
• This, these (near/ touchable)
• That, those (far)
• That wallet is Chriss favorite.
• adj.
• That is Chriss favorite.
• pro.

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Interrogative Pronouns

• Introduce questions (wh)
• Who, whose, whom, which, what
• Which of the songs is your favorite?
• What is your parakeets name?

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Relative Pronouns

• Introduces an adjective (subordinate) clause
• Who, whose, whom, which, that
• The ship that you saw is sailing to Greece.
• Isabel is my friend who is training for the
  Boston Marathon.

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Indefinite Pronouns

• Refer to an inexact amount
• Singular Indefinite
• another, anybody, anyone, anything, each,
  either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither,
  nobody, no one, one, somebody, someone
• Everyone should remember to bring his/her book.

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Indefinite Pronouns (cont.)

• Plural Indefinite
• both, few, many, several
• Several of the candidates agree on the issues.
• Singular or Plural Indefinite
• all, any, most, none, some
• Most (of the pie) has been eaten.
• Most (of the pies) have been eaten.

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Adjectives

• Modify nouns or pronouns
• Answer Which one? What kind? How many? Whose?
• True Adjective
• Actually change the meaning of the word they
  modify
• Can be compared -er, -est, more, most
• The most charismatic speaker of the 20th century
  is Dr. Martin Luther King.

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Adjectives

• Modify nouns/ pronouns
• Answer
• Which one? those girls, either way, last chance
• What kind? gray skies, Irish lace
• How many? five fingers, some problems
• Whose? her test, Jamaicas resorts
• Proper adjective formed from proper noun
  Picasso painting, Florida coast, Italian
  seasonings
• Articles a, an, the (noun markers signal a noun
  follows)
• Demonstrative adjectives this picture, that one
• Demonstrative pronouns This is mine that is
  his.

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Verbs

• Express action or state of being
• Physical Action can be seen
• Mental Action cannot be seenmemorize, think,
  comprehend, etc.

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Transitive and Intransitive

• Transitive Verbs DOT (direct object transitive)
• Juanita mailed the package.
• Marcie studied her notes.
• The poet wrote a sonnet.
• The audience cheered the lead actors.
• Intransitive Verbs no direct object
• Marcie studied very late. (no d.o.)
• The poet wrote carefully. (intransitive
  complete)
• The audience cheered loudly. (int. complete)
• The winners are they. (intransitive linking)

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Linking Verbs

• Show state of being or condition
• is shall be
  should be
• am will be
  would be
• are has been can
  be
• was have been could
  be
• were had been should
  have been
• be shall have been would
  have been
• being will have been could
  have been
• been

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Frequently Used Linking Verbs

• seem look
• become feel
• appear smell
• turn taste
• grow sound
• remain
• stay
• These verbs may be action or linking depending
  on how they are used.

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Action or Linking???

• The motor sounded harsh.
• The engineer sounded the horn.
• The chef tasted the casserole.
• The casserole tasted strange.
• The wet dog smelled horrible.
• The dog smelled the baked bread.
• The winners are they. (predicate nominative)
• The winners are happy. (predicate adjective)

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Auxiliary Verbs

• is have shall
  may
• am has should
  might
• are had will
  must
• was would
  
• were do can
• be does could
  
• being did
  
• been

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Adverbs

• How? When? Where? To What Extent?
• We live there.
• Please step up.
• May we go tomorrow?
• Water the plant weekly.
• She quickly agreed.
• Drive carefully.
• Fill the tank completely.
• He hardly moved.

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Prepositions

• Connect a noun or pronoun to a sentence
• See pp. 400-401 of text for complete list.
• Compound prepositions according to, as of,
  aside from, because of, by means of..
• Examples
• The Saint Bernard slept (near my bed).
• Everything (on the beach) was wonderful.

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Conjunctions

• Coordinate (single word/ two of the same)
• and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so
• Correlative (pairs)
• eitheror
• neithernor
• not onlybut also
• bothand
• whetheror
• Subordinate (connect a subordinate clause to an
  independent clause)
• after, although, as, as if, because, before,
  if, since, so that, than, unless, until, when,
  where, while

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Interjection

• a word that expresses emotion but has no
  grammatical connection to the rest of the
  sentence
• Oops! The sidewalks are slippery.
• Well, I guess thats that!