Genetic Changes

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Section 11.3

• Genetic Changes

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Mutations

• Any change in the DNA sequence that also changes
  the protein it codes for.
• Mutations in reproductive cells
• May produce a new trait
• May result in a protein that does not work
  correctly
• Protein may be nonfunctional causing the embryo
  to not survive

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Mutations in body cells

• Would not be passed on to offspring
• May impair the function of the cell
• cancer

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Point Mutation

• The change in a single base pair in DNA
• Can change a single amino acid in the chain
  resulting in a change in the entire protein
  produced.

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Frameshift Mutation

• A mutation in which a single base is added or
  deleted from DNA
• Would cause nearly every amino acid in the
  protein after the addition or deletion to be
  changed.

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Chromosomal Mutation

• When parts of chromosomes are broken off or lost
  during mitosis or meiosis
• Chromosomes break and rejoin incorrectly
• Usually do not survive. If they do, they are
  usually sterile

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Types of Chromosomal Mutations

• 1. Deletion when part of a chromosome is left
  out
• 2. Insertions when a part of a chromatid
  breaks off and attaches to its sister chromatid.
  The result is a duplication of genes on the same
  chromosome.

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Types of Chromosomal Mutations

• 3. Inversions when part of a chromosome breaks
  off and is reinserted backwards.
• 4. Translocations when part of one chromosome
  breaks off and is added to a different chromosome.