Respiratory System

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Respiratory System

• Objectives
• Describe the structure of the respiratory system.
  10.01
• Analyze the function of the respiratory system.
  10.02
• Identify characteristics and treatment of common
  respiratory disorders. 10.03

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Respiratory System

• Includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
  trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs, and pleura.

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Nasal Cavity

• Nasal Septumdivides nasal cavities into R and L
  sides
• Cilia- the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt
  particles.

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• Sinuses- cavities in the skull
• Connected to the nasal cavity, by ducts
• Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten
  air
• Sinuses give resonance to the voice.

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• Pharynx
• The throat
• Common passageway for air and food
• 5 long
• When food is swallowed, the Epiglottis closes
  over the opening to the larynx preventing food
  from entering the lungs

Pharynx
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Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
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Meet the Larynx

• Larynx- voice box
• Triangular chamber below the pharynx
• Within the larynx are vocal cords
• Epiglottis covers larynx during swallowing
• Adams apple
• Produces sound
• Made of cartilage fibrous plates

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Meet the Trachea

• Windpipe.
• 4 ½ in. long.
• Walls are alternate bands of membrane and C
  shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to keep trachea
  open and more rigid
• Lined with ciliated mucous membrane.
• Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden
  mucous.

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Did Someone say Bronchi and Bronchioles are next?

• Lower end of trachea divides into R and L
  bronchus
• Become bronchial tubes and bronchioles as
  braonches enter lungs
• Passageway for air from trachea to alveoli in
  lungs

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Alveoli

• Clusters of thin-walled sacs made of single layer
  epithelial tissue
• Inner surfaces covered with Surfactant to keep
  alveoli from collapsing
• Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries
• O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the
  alveoli and capillaries (diffusion)

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Lovely Lungs

• Fill the thoracic cavity
• Upper partapex
• Lower partbase
• Lung tissue porous and spongy it floats
• R lunglarger and shorter displaced by the liver
  and has 3 lobes
• L lung smaller displaced by the heart and has 2
  lobes

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Pretty Pleura

• Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers the
  lungs.
• Double walled sac.
• Space is pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid
  to prevent friction.

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• Mediastinum
• A septum or cavity between two principal portions
  of an organ.
• Contains the heart and its large vessels,
  trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and
  connective tissue
• Also called the interpleural space
• Located between the lungs
• Contains the thoracic viscera

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Test your gray matter..
What structure of the respiratory system is responsible for voice production? Which body function is made possible by fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx? The respiratory system ends in millions of tiny, thin walled sacs called What covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage?
The windpipe is referred to as the The wall of the trachea are made more rigid by the presence of Each lung is divided into two or three parts called When the trachea divides to enter both lungs, the tubes that are formed are called
Alveoli
Larynx
Pleura
Speech
Trachea
Rings of Cartilage
Lobes
Bronchi
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• The partition that separated the nose into right
  and left cavities is the

• The medical name for the throat is the

Pharynx
Septum
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Thats all for now.
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Function of the Respiratory System

1. External respiration, internal respiration , and
   cellular respiration
2. Production of sound (vocal cords)

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external respiration exchange of
gases between the lungs.
and blood int
ernal respiration exchange of gases between the
body cells and blood
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Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

• Inspiration Inhalation
• Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum
  rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves
  downward this increases the volume of the lungs
  and air rushes in.

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Pulmonary Ventilation

• Expiration
• Opposite action takes place.
• Exhalation is a passive process

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Respiratory Movements

• 1 inspiration 1 expiration1 respiration
• Normal adult 14-20
• Respirations per minute
• Increases with exercise, body temperature,
  certain diseases.
• Age-newborm 40-60/min
• Sleep respiration ?
• Emotion can ? or ? rate

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Total Lung Capacity

• Tidal Volume that volume of air moved into or
  out of the lungs during quiet breathing
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume The maximal volume of
  air that can be inhaled after a normal
  inspiration.
• Expiratory Reserve Volume The maximal volume of
  air, usually about 1000 milliliters, that can be
  expelled from the lungs after normal expiration

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Vital lung capacity the maximum amount of air a
person can expel from the lungs after a maximum
inhalation. Residual lung capacity The volume
of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal
expiratory effort. Functional residual
capacity the volume of air present in the
lungs, specifically the parenchyma tissues, at
the end of passive expiration
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Coughing

• Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air
  to clear lower respiratory tract
• Hiccups spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic
  closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm
  or phrenic nerve.

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• Sneezing
• Air forced through nose to clear respiratory
  tract
• Yawning
• Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs,
  increases oxygen within the blood

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Control Breathing Breathing controlled by
neural and chemical factors.

• Neural Factors
• Respiratory center located in the Medulla
  Oblongata
• ? on CO2 or ? O2 in the blood will trigger
  respiratory center
• Phrenic Nerve- stimulates the diaphragm

Chemical Factors Depends on the levels of CO2 in
the blood (respiratory center in the
brain) Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid
arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2
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Test your gray matter
Respirations would normally increase in number if there was an increase of Which of the following is initially sensed by the brain to control breathing? Cilia located in the nasal epithelium performs the function of The normal number of breaths an adult takes each minute at rest is about
Of the following, which is the correct pathway of air into the lungs? Start with larynx Which body function is made possible by fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx? The part of respiration that involves taking air into lungs is called
Carbon dioxide in the blood
CO2 level in blood
Filtering in the air
14-20
Trachea, bronchi, alveoli
Inspiration
Speech
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Respiratory Disorders
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Common Cold

• Contagious viral respiratory infection
• Contributing factors- chilling fatigue,poor
  nutrition, and not enough sleep
• Rx- stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit
  juice, good nutrition
• Good handwashing best prevention.
• Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

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• Pharyngitis- red, inflammation throat
• Laryngitis- Inflammation of the larynx or voice
  box
• Symptoms- sore throat , hoarseness or loss of
  voice dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

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Influenza (Flu)

• Viral infection of upper respiratory tract
• Symptoms-Fever, muco-purulent discharge, muscular
  pain, extreme exhaustion
• Rx treat the symptoms

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

• COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary
  (PULL-mun-ary) disease, is a progressive disease
  that makes it hard to breathe. "Progressive"
  means the disease gets worse over time.
• COPD can cause coughing that produces large
  amounts of mucus (a slimy substance), wheezing,
  shortness of breath, chest tightness, and other
  symptoms.
• Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD.
  Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke.
  Long-term exposure to other lung irritantssuch
  as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dustalso
  may contribute to COPD.

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In the United States, the term "COPD" includes
two main conditions emphysema
(em-fih-SE-ma) and chronic bronchitis
(bron-KI-tis).
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Emphysema

• Alveoli become over-dilated, lose their
  elasticity, cant rebound, may eventually rupture
• Air becomes trapped, cant exhale-forced
  exhalation required
• Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2
• Dyspnea increases as disease progresses

Emphysema
RX Alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to
respiratory irritants, prevent infections,
restructure activities to prevent need for O2
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Bronchitis

• Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
  trachea and bronchi
• Symptoms-cough, fever, substernal pain and rales
  (raspy sound)
• Chronic bronchitis-middle or old age, cigarette
  smoking most common cause.

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Asthma

• Inflammatory airway obstruction
• Caused by allergen or psychological stress
• 5 of Americans have asthma
• Symptoms difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing,
  tightness in chest
• RX anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled
  bronchodilator.

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Pneumonia

• Infection of the lung
• Caused by bacteria or virus
• Alveoli fill with thick fluid
• Symptoms- chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea
• Diagnosis- x-ray and listening to lungs
• Rx- O2 and antibiotics

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Tuberculosis

• Infectious bacterial lung disease
• Tubercles (lesions) forms in the lungs
• Symptoms cough, low grade fever in the
  afternoon, weigh loss, night sweats
• Diagnosis- TB skin test
• If skin test positive-follow up with chest x-ray
  and sputum sample
• RX- Antibiotic

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Tuberculosis

• Due to the increase in immigration, homelessness
  and AIDS, the incidence of TB is increasing in
  the United States.

TB
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Pneumothorax

• A collapsed lung, or pneumothorax, is the
  collection of air in the space around the lungs.
  This buildup of air puts pressure on the lung, so
  it cannot expand as much as it normally does when
  you take a breath.
• Causes, incidence, and risk factors
• A collapsed lung occurs when air escapes from the
  lung and fills up the space outside of the lung,
  inside the chest. It may be caused by a gunshot
  or knife wound to the chest, rib fracture, or
  certain medical procedures.
• In some cases, a collapsed lung occurs without
  any cause. This is called a spontaneous
  pneumothorax. A small area in the lung that is
  filled with air (bleb) can break open, sending
  air into the space around the lung.
• Tall, thin people and smokers are more likely to
  have a collapsed lung.

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The following lung diseases also increase your
risk for a collapsed lung Asthma COPD Cystic
fibrosis Tuberculosis Whooping Cough
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Symptoms Common symptoms of a collapsed lung
include There are decreased or no breath sounds
on the affected side when heard through a
stethoscope Sharp chest pain, made worse by a
deep breath or a cough shortness of breath A
larger pneumothorax will cause more severe
symptoms, including Bluish color of the skin
caused by lack of oxygen Chest tightness Easy
fatigue Rapid heart rate Other symptoms that can
occur with a collapsed lung include Nasal flaring
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Tests include chest x-ray and arterial blood
gases Treatment A small pneumothorax may go
away on its own with Rest and oxygen Needle
insertion or chest tube insertion may be
needed to allow air to drain Lung surgery may be
needed to repair leak. Prognosis -most likely to
have another one if you have had 2 in
the Past -continue smoking -are tall and thin
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Terms to know

• Apnea absence of breathing
• Dyspnea difficulty breathing
• Tachypnea rapid breathing
• Orthopnea difficulty breathing while laying down
  or flat
• Eupnea good breathing
• Hyperventilation state of breathing faster or
  deeper than normal, causing excessive expulsion
  of circulating carbon dioxide

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Test your gray matter
Due to increase in illegal immigration, homelessness, and AIDS, the incidence of what disease is increasing in the US? Kim experienced hoarseness for two days and loss of voice for three days. She most likely suffers from Which of the following disorders is characterized by distended alveoli that have lost their elasticity? A respiratory infection which spreads quickly and results in the greatest loss in production hours each year is
Cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, and night sweats are symptoms of what disease? In which of the following diseases does dyspnea worsen as the disease progresses? The two main causes of pneumonia are John comes into the ER with wheezing, dyspnea, and tightness in the chest. He is experiencing
Laryngitis
Emphysema
Common cold
TB
Bacteria Virus
TB
Emphysema
Asthma
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• The most common cause of chronic bronchitis is

• Influenza is caused by a

Virus
Cigarette Smoking