Chapter 2 Section 2-1

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Chapter 2Section 2-1

• Organisms and Their Environment

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Ecology

• The branch of Biology that studies the
  interactions between organisms and their
  environment, (living and nonliving)

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Ecology

• How do you use Ecology in your life?
• Food- planting, hunting, fishing
• Pets- fleas/ticks, cleaning, food, range
• Survival- soccer team in Andes life
• Garbage- compose, leaves, recycling
• Energy- solar, hybrid, water

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Ecological Questions???

• Why do birds migrate?
• Why does a lizard camouflage itself?
• Why might a forest fire be beneficial?
• What are some affects of acid rain?

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Ecology

• Ecology as a science was developed in the 1960s
  as man began to realize the profound effect of
  his actions on the living world.

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Tropical Rainforest Example

• Why is it important to us?
• ½ worlds species (loss of species)
• Deforestation for logging
• Lower O2 production, Increase CO2 production
• Global Warming caused by Greenhouse Effect
• Why dont they just stop?
• Poor countries / Poor individuals

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Ecology

• Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors
• Biotic living factors in the environment
• Abiotic nonliving factors in the environment
• 7 abiotic factors- can you name them?

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Seven abiotic factors

1. Soil
2. Temperature
3. Moisture/ Water
4. Light
5. Wind
6. Air Composition (O2)
7. Natural Disasters

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Abiotic vs. Biotic FactorsGround Mole

• Biotic
• Other moles
• Roots
• Grubs
• Predators
• Humans

• Abiotic
• Soil type
• Moisture
• Temperature
• Try these
• Bird, Deer, Street Person

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Ecology

• Bird, Deer, Street Person

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Ecology

• Ecosystems
• Area where organisms interact with one another
  and the living and nonliving environment

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Ecology

• Population vs. Community
• Population a group of organisms of the same
  species living in an ecosystem
• Community all the populations in a given area

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Ecology

• Levels of Organization
• Page 40
• Biosphere (all ecosystems)
• Ecosystem (living and non-living)
• Community (all species)
• Population (one
  species)
• Organism
  (individual)

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Ecology

• Track a deer for one year
• Role of a deer and interaction with its herd
• The affects of vegetation on deer movement
• Affects of a harsh winter on deer
• Global population of deer

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Ecology

• Habitat vs. Niche
• Habitat the place where an organism lives
• Niche the role of an organism in a community
• total way of life

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Ecology

• Habitat- where it lives
• Birds- forest? tree? nest
• Dead Log Habitat
• Niche- role in the community
• Food, space, conditions
• Temperature, time of feeding, type of food
• Two organisms cannot share a niche

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Quiz

1. Give one biotic factor, abiotic factor, the
   habitat and niche of a Lion.
2. Give the habitat and niche of a shark.
3. List the 5 levels of organization, beginning with
   organism.
4. How many of the 7 abiotic factors can you list?
5. What are the 2 main reasons for saving the
   rainforests?

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Symbiosis- Living Together

• A close and permanent association between
  organisms of different species
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Parasitism

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Types of Symbiosis

• Mutualism both species benefit
• Examples
• Legume plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria
• Ants and acacia trees (pg.44)
• Bacteria and cow
• Bird and crocodile
• Bees and flowers

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Types of Symbiosis

• Commensalism one species benefits and the other
  is neither harmed or benefited
• Examples
• Remora and shark
• Bird and cattle
• Orchids, mosses and ferns on a tree

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Types of Symbiosis

• Parasitism one organism benefits and the other
  is harmed, but usually not killed
• Examples 1 2 3 4 5
• - Australian Rabbits
• - Virus, bacteria, flukes, tapeworms
• - Ticks, mosquitoes, leech, lamprey
• Vaccinations (prevention)
• smallpox and polio

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Chapter 2Section 2-2Pages 46-57
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Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

• Autotrophs organisms that make their food
  (self-feeder)
• Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis
• (50 efficient)

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Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

• Heterotrophs organisms that depend on others
  for nutrients
• (other-feeder)
• They cannot make their own food,
• they must consume it.
• (10 efficient)

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Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

• Why do you think autotrophs are more efficient
  than heterotrophs?

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Ecology

• Roles of Organisms in an Ecosystem
• Producers autotrophs that change the suns
  energy into chemical energy in organic molecules
  during photosynthesis
• Examples green plants and algae

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Ecology

• Consumers- heterotrophs
• Herbivore plant-eaters feed only on producers
• Carnivore meat-eaters feed only on consumers
• Omnivores eat both plants and animals
• - feed on producers and consumers
• - advantage or disadvantage?

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Ecology

• Roles of Organisms in an Ecosystem
• Scavengers animals that feed on other dead
  animals
• Examples vulture, buzzard, maggots

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Ecology

• Roles of Organisms in an Ecosystem
• Decomposers organisms that break down dead
  organic material
• Examples fungi and bacteria

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Trophic Level- Feeding step

• Producers
• First Order Consumers herbivores
• (mouse)
• Second Order Consumers carnivores
• (raccoon)
• Third Order Consumers larger carnivores
• (large cats, wolf)

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Food Chains

• Model showing how matter and energy move through
  an ecosystem.
• Shows only one organism feeding on another.

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Food Chain

• Sun? Producers? 1st order consumer
• ? 2nd order consumer
• ? 3rd order consumer
• ? Decomposers
• Each arrow (?) represents energy flow
• Each step represents a trophic level

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Food Chain
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Food Web

• Model showing all possible feeding relationships
  at each trophic level in a community.
• Network of interconnected food chains
• Many options for food

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Food Web
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Water Cycle

• Evaporation/Transpiration
• ? Condensation
• ? Precipitation (4 Types)
• ? Runoff/Groundwater

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Water Cycle
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Carbon Cycle

• Carbon is found in the environment as carbon
  dioxide gas (CO2)
• How does carbon get into the environment?
• Burning fossil fuels, forests and organic
  material
• Respiration

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Carbon Cycle

• - CO2 is used by producers for photosynthesis
• carbon dioxide water simple sugars.
• - Sugars passed to consumers eating them.

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Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric
  nitrogen into useful compounds
  (legume plants- bean)
• Legumes convert nitrogen into nitrates.

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Nitrogen Cycle

• - Herbivores convert plant proteins into animal
  proteins.
• - Animal proteins are then passed to consumers
• - Organisms return nitrogen to the environment
  when they die or defecate

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Phosphorus Cycle

• Phosphorus is a mineral that come from the
  breakdown of rocks.
• Plants use phosphorous from the soil in their
  body tissues and it passes to each consumer.
• How long is this cycle?

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Stranded on an island!

• A small group of people are stranded on a barren
  island. They have 500 bushels of wheat and one
  cow. What should they do to survive for the
  greatest length of time?

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Stranded on an island!

1. Eat the cow and then the wheat
2. Drink the cows milk, eat the cow, then eat the
   wheat
3. Dont feed the cow but drink the cows milk, eat
   the cow when milk production ceases, then eat the
   wheat
4. Feed the wheat to the cow and drink the milk
5. Feed the wheat to the cow, drink the milk, then
   eat the cow
6. Eat the wheat and then eat the cow