Title: Turfgrass Disease Trends in California and the Western United States
1Naveen Hyder Frank WongDepartment of Plant
Pathology MicrobiologyUniversity of
California, Riverside
- Turfgrass Disease Trends in California and the
Western United States
2Background information
- California has the largest turf and landscape
industry in the US (approx. 15 billion) - Approx. 950 golf courses in the state of
California 2nd in the US - Not much information available due to lack of
turfgrass pathology program since the1990s
3Objective
- To assess turfgrass disease trends in California
and the Western United States based on diagnostic
laboratory data - What are the major disease problems?
- What are the major hosts?
- What are the disease trends over the last four
years? - Where should research efforts be focused?
4Materials and methods
- A sample 1 cup cutter size plug of plants and
soil - For this study 1 data point one pathogen/plant
interaction - Data based on diagnostic samples received
- Samples are not evenly distributed throughout the
Western United States - Multiple samples from the same location
- Data collected from 2006-2009 (present)
5 Collecting a data point
- Microscopic signs gtgtgt incubate up to 24-48 hrs
- Isolation from tissue
- Leaves, roots and crown on pathogen specific media
6Turf Management for Golf Courses 2001 J. Beard
7Common turfgrass species used in California and
the Western U.S.
- Cool Season
- (C3 Photosynthesis)
- Poa annua
- Poa trivialis
- Agrostis stolonifera
- Festuca arundinacea
- Festuca rubra
- Lolium perenne
- Warm Season
- (C4 Photosynthesis)
- Cynodon spp.
- Pennisetum
- clandestinum
- Paspalum vaginatum
- Stenotaphrum
- secundatum
8Geographic origin(based on of samples received)
2006 2007 2008 2009
Arizona 7 2 1 13
California 389 (85) 366 (80) 235 (77) 402 (79)
Colorado 1 3 1 11
Hawaii 4 6 6 5
Idaho 3 1 6 7
Nevada 23 (5) 40 (9) 28 (9) 25 (5)
Oregon 7 14 11 9
Texas 2 1 0 3
Utah 1 3 3 2
Washington 20 (4) 17 (4) 12 (4) 31 (6)
n 460 n 457 n 306 n 512
9Sources of samples(based on number of samples
received)
2006 2007 2008 2009
Residential/ commercial landscape 8 7 15 15
Sports turf 11 11 7 18
Golf courses 438 (95) 439 (96) 283 (92) 477 (93)
Sod farms 3 - 1 2
n 460 n 457 n 306 n 512
10Most common turfgrass hosts
Data based on n 3,360 diagnosis
11Poa annua (Annual bluegrass) diseases trends
Top 5 from 2006 to 2009
2006 (442) 2007 (425) 2008 (471) 2009 (358)
Algae (17) Rapid Blight (11) Anthracnose (14 ) Anthracnose (18)
Summer Patch (15) Anthracnose (11) Rapid Blight (13) Rapid Blight (8)
Rapid Blight (9) Summer Patch (9) Algae (12) Algae (8)
Brown Ring Patch (9) Brown Ring Patch (9) Summer Patch (8) Summer Patch (8)
Anthracnose (8) Algae (6) Brown Ring Patch (5) Michrodochium Patch (6)
- Total annual bluegrass samples processed
- Algae (Cyanobacteria) Oscillatoria
spp. - Anthracnose
Colletotrichum cereale - Brown Ring Patch Waitea
circinata var. circinata - Rapid Blight
Labyrinthula terrestris - Summer Patch Magnaporthe
poae - Michrodochium Patch Michrodochium
nivale -
-
-
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14Agrostis stolonifera (Creeping bentgrass) disease
trendsTop 5 from 2006-2009
2006 (263) 2007 (201) 2008 (185) 2009 (187)
Algae (24) Take-All Patch (23) Algae (10) Anthracnose (18)
Take-All Patch (21) Algae (10) Take-All Patch (10) Take-All Patch (14)
Fairy Ring (5) Anthracnose (6) Anthracnose (6) Algae (11)
Anthracnose (5) Fairy Ring (4) Pythium Blight (5) Fairy Ring (6)
Pythium Blight (3) Pythium Blight (3) Rhizoctonia Brown Patch (4) Rhizoctonia Brown Patch (5)
- Total creeping bentgrass samples processed
- Algae (Cynobacteria)
Oscillatoria spp. - Anthracnose
Colletotrichum cereale - Fairy Ring
Various Basidiomycete spp. - Pythium Blight
Pythium spp. - Rhizoctonia Brown Patch Rhizoctonia
solani - Take-All Patch
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae -
-
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16Lolium perenne (Ryegrass) disease trendsTop 3
from 2006 - 2009
2006 (173) 2007 (106) 2008 (61) 2009 (67)
Bipolaris Leaf Spot (15) Brown Patch (21) Brown Patch (18) Anthracnose (39)
Brown Patch (15) Curvularia Blight (17) Anthracnose (16) Brown Patch (15)
Curvularia Blight (14) Bipolaris Leaf Spot (15) Summer Patch (7) Bipolaris Leaf Spot (9)
Total ryegrass samples processed
Anthracnose Colletotrichum
cereale Bipolaris Leaf Spot
Bipolaris spp. Brown Patch
Rhizoctonia solani Curvularia
Blight Curvularia spp. Summer
Patch Magnaporthe poae
17Cynodon spp. (bermudagrass) disease trendsTop 3
from 2006 - 2009
2006 (65) 2007 (21) 2008 (45) 2009 (79)
Spring Dead Spot (23) Rhizoctonia Large Patch (38) Bermudagrass Decline (29) Bermudagrass Decline (35)
Bipolaris Leaf Spot (22) Spring Dead Spot (28) Spring Dead Spot (18) Spring Dead Spot (10)
Bermudagrass Decline (17) Bipolaris Leaf Spot (14) Bipolaris Leaf Spot (10)
- Total Bermudagrass samples processed
- Spring Dead Spot
Ophiosphaerella narmari / O. korrae - Bipolaris Leaf Spot Bipolaris
spp. - Bermudagrass Decline Gaeumannomyces
graminis var. graminis - Rhizoctonia Large Patch Rhizoctonia
solani -
18Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyugrass) disease
trendsTop 3 from 2006 - 2009
2006 (28) 2007 (18) 2008 (23) 2009 (14)
Gray Leaf Spot (38) Kikuyugrass Decline (38) Kikuyugrass Decline (44) Rhizoctonia Large Patch (43)
Kikuyugrass Decline (21) Gray Leaf Spot (16) Rhizoctonia Large Patch (22) Kikuyugrass Decline (36)
Rhizoctonia Large Patch (18) Rhizoctonia Large Patch (16) Gray Leaf Spot (13)
- Total Kikuyugrass samples processed
- Gray Leaf Spot
Pyricularia grisea - Kikuyugrass Decline
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis - Rhizoctonia Large Patch Rhizoctonia
solani AG 2-2
19Summary
Total of samples received (2006-2009) 3,360
94 of the samples received are from golf courses
90 of these samples from golf course greens
Cool season grasses comprise 85 of the samples
50 of these samples are annual bluegrass
1 problem on annual bluegrass is Anthracnose
20Conclusions
- First effort to summarize data pertaining to
turfgrass diseases in the Western United States - California has a unique turfgrass disease profile
because of diversity of climate zones within the
state - Top research priority should be cool season turf
management esp. diseases of annual bluegrass
21Future research scope
- Use the data base to
- Compare and contrast information with other
regions - Correlate disease trends with climatic variations
- Correlate disease trends with agronomic practices
specific to California
22Acknowledgements
- GCSAA Environmental Institute of Golf
- California State GCSAs
- Syngenta Professional Products
- Bayer Environmental Sciences