The Ancient

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The Ancient Egyptians
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Ancient Egypt Why so stable?

• Ancient Egypt lasted for 3500 years due to
  factors in
• Geography
• Politics
• Social structure
• Education
• Economy
• Religion
• Stability was goal and change slow and cautious

http//ancient-egypt-book.com/images/map1.jpg
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What was the SOUL of Ancient Egypt?

• THE NILE was considered the SOUL as it was the
  source of life and path to immortality
• Egyptians lived on Eastern side but were buried
  on Western side
• River was symbol of passage of one life to next
  (eternity)
• Creation story began in swirling waters of the
  Nile when god Horus gave power to Pharaohs

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The Fertile Nile Valley
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The Annual Flooding of the Nile
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Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf
Irrigation means to bring water to farm lands.
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Egypt and the Nile
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Farming in the Nile floodplain
The Nile floodplain
Felucca boats
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The Nile River

• Flooded every year
• Provided fertile soil for crops
• Was the Lifeline for Egypt
• Transportation Route
• Used for Irrigation
• Flows south to north
• Mouth Delta

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Perfect Location

• Deserts provided protection and shelter from
  outside influences
• Access to Mediterranean Sea allowed for trading
• Deserts were an important source of minerals and
  building supplies (copper, tin, gold and natron)
• Video

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What determined Egypts economic prosperity?

• Wealth
• Agriculture made up most of Egypts wealth
  grain, vegetables, fruit, cattle, goats, pigs,
  and fowl

• Economy
• Simple economy based on agriculture and minerals
  from desert
• Trading was done by bartering goods (grain, oil,
  wheat)
• Extensive trading made Egypt a powerful influence
  on culture, art, ideas and technology
• Trade eventually grew and expanded, bringing new
  ideas and goods into Egyptian society

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Menes Unifier of Upper Lower Egypt
c. 3050 B. C. E. ?
UNIFICATION OF EGYPT King Menes unites Upper
and Lower Egypt and wears double crown in 3100
BCE. Following Menes came 31 dynasties over 3000
years. Video
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A mural of Narmer or Menes conquering Lower Egypt
(c.a. 3100 B.C.)
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The first pyramid built for King Zoser, which
exists even today, in Sakkarah, the necropolis of
Memphis. Built in the year 2650 BC by the
architect Imhotep, It is the oldest monumental
work in stone known to man. Exterior walls of
white limestone. The wall has 14 doors, 13 of
them false.
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Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
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Pyramids

• These are the Giza pyramids, the most famous.
• Pyramids were tombs for the kings.
• These were built in 2500 B.C.
• How old are they?

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Bent Pyramid of King Sneferu
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Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
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The burial of the king, as well as his passage
from this world to the next, was of great
importance to everyone. The ritual cycle by
which the living pharaoh, the god Horus, became
Osiris, Lord of the Underworld, guaranteed the
survival of Egypt itself. By building the
pyramids all Egyptians believed in a single
religion of ancestor worship in which the
pyramids served as reminders. Video about
Pyramids Video- Journals Through History
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End of the Old Kingdom

• With a lot of resources being given to build the
  pyramids, many of the Upper Egyptians were upset.
  
• They set up a new King in Thebes and the country
  became divided.
• This along with a severe famine brought an end to
  the Old Kingdom.

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Relief showing men, women, and children suffering
from the effects of severe famine
The End of the Old Kingdom
Professor Fekri Hassan examining ancient
hieroglyphs which tell of appalling suffering. A
third of the population died and the most ordered
of empires was brought to chaos. This marked the
end of the Old Kingdom. 
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Education

• All children, regardless of social class,
  received some education
• Goal for education was to ensure youth exhibited
  self control and good manners
• At 14, young boys followed fathers in jobs, and
  girls learned from mothers in the household
• Children of priests were schooled more formally
• Literacy was stressed for government jobs
• Education respected for creating a well rounded
  individual

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Hieroglyphics
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Papyrus ? Paper
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Papyrus Plant
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Hieroglyphics Alphabet
24 letters 700 phonetic symbols
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• History of Writing 1) pictograms (sun sun)
  2) ideograms (sun sun, daylight, warmth,
  light)3) phonograms symbols that suggest a
  particular sound related ideas and also sound
  (Sun sun, son, Sunday)
• Each hieroglyph found in pyramids and tombs often
  symbolized more than one consonant. Not only
  that, but actual Egyptian hieroglyphs were a
  combination of sound-signs, pictograms, and
  ideograms. No wonder it was so hard to decode
  them!

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Hieroglyphic Cartouche
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• Eventually scribes adapted hieroglyphic symbols
• By 700 BCE, script was used for secular matters
  such as letters, accounts and record keeping
• Video

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Rosetta Stone

• A stone with writing on it in Egyptian and Greek.
  It was carved in 196 BC.
• Written in three scripts (hieroglyphs for
  religious documents demotic- common script of
  Egypt Greek- language of the rulers of Egypt at
  that time)
• Written so that the priests, government officials
  and rulers of Egypt could read what it said.
• Found in 1799
• Written by a group of priests in Egypt to honor
  the Egyptian pharaoh. It lists all of the things
  that the pharaoh had done that were good for the
  priests and the people of Egypt.

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Egyptian Math

1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
What number is this?
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PHARAOHS CROWNED WITH SHEPHERDS CROOK AND FLAIL
The Middle Kingdom (2050-1653 B.C.) was
characterized by a new concern of the pharaohs
for the people. In the Old Kingdom, the pharaoh
had been viewed as an inaccessible god-king. Now
he was portrayed as the shepherd of his people.
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The Hyksos were a neighboring group that had new
horse-drawn war-chariots. This invention, never
seen before in Egypt, allowed the Hyksos to
control this region. They utilized superior
bronze weapons and chariots to help them take
control of Egypt. Within 50 years, they had also
managed to take control of the important Egyptian
city of Memphis. This was the end of the Middle
Kingdom.
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Starting in 1567 B.C., the pharaoh Ahmose I
eventually managed to defeat and expel the Hyksos
from Egypt, reuniting Egypt and establishing the
New Kingdom (c. 1567-1085 B.C.). The New Kingdom
was characterized by a new militaristic and
imperialistic path. A more professional army was
developed.
Ahmose and his army driving out the Hyksos.
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Queen Hatshepsut

• Ruled from 1503-1482 B.C.
• Married to Thutmose II
• After her husband died, Hatshepsut dressed like a
  man and ruled as a pharaoh.
• She became the first female pharaoh in Egyptian
  history.

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Hatshepsuts Accomplishments

• Worked hard to increase Egyptian trade through
  trade routes.
• As a result
• trade expanded
• Increase of wealth in the economy

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Results of Hatshepsuts Accomplishments

• She used the money that was gained from trade to
  support the arts as well as architecture.
• A temple near Thebes was built to honor Queen
  Hatshepsut for the many great temples and
  monuments that were built during her reign.

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Honoring Queen Hatshepsut

• Queen Hatshepsut died after ruling for 15 years.
• After her death, Queen Hatshepsuts step-son,
  Thutmose III, took the throne.

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The Valley of the Queens
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
1473-1458 B. C.
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Ramses II

• 1297 BCE - Reign of Ramses II. He had over 200
  wives and girlfriends, approximately 90 sons and
  60 daughters and reigned over 67 years!
• His reign saw massive building projects in Egypt.
  The Exodus of Jews from Egypt also may have
  occurred during his reign.

Ramses II1279-1212 B. C.
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King Ramses Accomplishments

• Although known for being one of Egypts greatest
  warriors, he was also known as a peace-maker, by
  being the first king in history to ever sign a
  peace treaty with his enemies, the Hittites.

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King Ramses Death

• King Ramses died in the early 1200s BC.
• His mummy is known to be one of the best
  preserved.

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Abu SimbelMonument to Ramses II
1279-1213 B. C.
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Akhenaton First Monotheist?

• Amenhotep IV (c. 1362-1347 B.C.) introduced the
  worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the
  chief god and pursued his worship with
  enthusiasm.
• Changing his own name to Akhenaton (It is well
  with Aton), the pharaoh closed the temples of
  other gods.

1352-1336 B. C.
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The Ankh The Cross of Life
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QueenNefertiti
Nefertiti (ca. 1370 BC ca. 1330 BC) was the
Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh
Akhenaten. Nefertiti and her husband were known
for the worship of only one god.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileNofretete_Neues_
Museum.jpg
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Invasion of the Sea Peoples around 1200 B.C.
The days of Egyptian empire were ended, and the
New Kingdom expired in 1085 B.C. For the next
thousand years, despite periodic revivals of
strength, Egypt was dominated by Libyans,
Nubians, Persians, and Macedonians.
Egyptian Drawings of Two Different Tribes of Sea
People
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Egyptian Social Pyramid
Egyptian Social Classes were based on wealth, job
and education
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Social Roles

• Role of Men
• Head of the family
• Men could have numerous wives but economically
  men had only 1 wife
• Laborers, craftsmen
• Jobs were hereditary
• Jobs
• Labor required for construction projects and was
  mostly filled by poor serfs
• Stability of Egypt thrived as skilled trades
  were passed from father to son
• Children always learned the trade from parents
  seldom could choose occupation

• Role of Women
• Well treated and had considerable legal
  rightscompared to other civilizations
• Same legal rights as men (land, property,
  divorce)
• Left women to be economically independent
• Primary role was in domestic life
• Bear and raise children

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Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life
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Food

• Irrigation systems watered crops
• Main crops were barley, wheat and flax
• Main food was bread and beer, fish, vegetables
  and fruit. Only the wealthy ate meat.

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Clothing

• Egypts weather is very warm
• People wore linen robes
• Women wore make-up and jewelry
• People shaved their heads and wore wigs for
  special occasions.

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Homes

• People built homes from mud bricks
• More important people had better houses.
• Only the wealthy had bathrooms

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Ancient Egyptian Housing
Middle Class Homes
Peasant Homes
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An Egyptian Womans Must-Haves
Mirror
Perfume
Wigs
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Egyptian Scribe
Scribes kept records of everything. Armed with
the knowledge of writing and reading, they were
highly regarded and considered themselves a
superior class of men. Their high standard of
living reflected their exalted status.
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• Egypt was divided up into provinces, or nomes.
• A governor, or nomarch, was at the head of each
  nome and was responsible to the pharaoh.
• These governors tended to amass large holding of
  land and power within their nomes, creating a
  potential rivalry with the pharaohs.

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Egyptian Nobility
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Egyptian Priestly Class
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Pharaohs

• Egyptians were led by Pharaohs.
• They were priest-kings
• There were at least four female kings. (Hatsheput
  is pictured)
• Pharaohs ruled for over 3500 years in Egypt.
• 31 dynasties in all

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileHatshepsutStatue
tte_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png
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Politics

• How did Pharaoh's rule?
• Absolute rulers of the land
• Believed to be the earthly embodiment of the god
  Horus. Therefore they had the divine right to
  rule. People followed their orders because they
  believed they were from god
• No one would challenge the Kings authority and
  he could rule in peace
• Pharaohs owned all the land

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The Valley of the Kings
The Valley of the Kings is a place where many
pharaohs were buried.
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Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
Howard Carter is the archaeologist who finally
discovered King Tuts tomb. It is so famous
because it was untouched by grave robbers.
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Entrance to King Tuts Tomb
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Death Mask
Using computers, this image was reconstructed
using his remains
1336-1327 B. C.
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King Tutankhamen
Tutankhamen was the son of Akhenaten. He ascended
to the throne in 1333 BC, at the age of nine or
ten, taking the reign name of Tutankhamen. What
caused Tutankhamen 's death has been the subject
of considerable debate.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileKingtut2.jpg
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King Tutankhamuns Tomb
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Shabtis The Pharaohs Servants in the
Afterlife
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Treasures From Tuts Tomb
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End of the Pharaohs

• Darius III was the last Egyptian pharaoh. Egypt
  was then taken over by Alexander the Great.
• After this, Egypt was ruled as a province of the
  Roman Empire.

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Life and Death

• Death viewed as a new beginning
• Afterlife common to all, regardless of social
  status
• 2 Common Principles 1) body preservation in a
  lifelike form2) the deceased must have items
  necessary for life in the afterworld
• Personal belongings were usually placed in the
  tomb to assist the dead in their journey into the
  afterlife.
• Text was read from the 'Book of the Dead' which
  was a collection of spells, charms, passwords,
  numbers and magical formulas for the use of the
  deceased in the afterlife.

MAAT
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Egyptian Book of the Dead
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• This scene depicts what occurs after a person has
  died, according to the ancient Egyptians.
• panel of 14 judges
• Ka (soul /spiritual duplicate), ba (personality)
  ankh (form mummy took in afterlife / the key of
  life)
• Weighing of the heart vs Maat
• Judgment of scale
• record of the outcome

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Mummification

• Egyptians who could afford to do so would have
  themselves mummified.
• They believed in a better afterlife if their body
  was preserved.
• Afterlife would be spent enjoying best of life
  experiences
• Body wrapped in linen coated with resins and oils
• Middle Kingdom became customary to place a mask
  over the face

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Mummification Process

• Took out internal organs (lungs, stomach,
  intestines, liver), except the heart.
• Removed organs were put in canopic jars, that
  were put in the tomb with the mummy.
• Jars were closed with stoppers in the shape of a
  human, baboon, falcon, and jackal - representing
  the four protective spirits called the Four Sons
  of Horus.

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Mummification Process

• Did not take out the heart because it was
  believed to be the intelligence and emotion of
  the person.
• Thought the brain was worthless, so they took it
  out through the nose and threw it away.
• The body was packed and covered with natron (a
  salty drying agent). After this the body was left
  for 40-50 days. 

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Materials Used in Mummification
1. Linen
6. Natron2. Sawdust
7. Onion3. Lichen
8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax
9. Linen Pads5. Resin
10. Frankinsense
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Preparation for the Afterlife
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Egyptian Mummies
Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E.
Seti I1291-1278 B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C.
E.
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Preparations for the Underworld
ANUBIS weighs the dead persons heart against a
feather.
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
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Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel on the Solar Bark.
A boat for the journey is provided for a dead
pharaoh in his tomb.
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Creation Story
Gods and Goddesses
GEB
NUT
TEFNUT

• ATUM

• NUT

MAAT
HORUS
SHU
ANUBIS
ISIS
Website Gods and Goddesses Click here for
Creation Story
ATUM
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Religion How did it contribute to stability?
Atum

• Deeply religious people
• Religious roots were in the worship of nature
  deities their first gods were in animal forms
• Those responsible for creation were the most
  important gods (Atum is the creator God)
• They later developed national gods around the
  Middle Kingdom (Amon- local god of Thebes gods
  of Dead Osiris, Anubis, Horus and Thoth)
• Religion was instrumental to stability of Egypt
  (life, social structure, education, laws, rule of
  Pharaoh, economy, death, afterlife)

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What were the legal traditions?

• Law was governed by religious principle of Maat
• Laws were applied equally to all classes
  specifically protected the family (children and
  wives)
• Punishments could be quite severe- (Examples
  minor crimes had 100 lashes corrupt officials
  had their hands amputated crimes resulted in a
  death sentence could choose devoured by a
  crocodile, suicide, burning alive)

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Egyptian Inventions

• Glass and Linen
• Paper and ink
• Calendar- 365 day calendar
• Waterclock
• Jewelry and metalwork

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Egyptian Contributions

• Medicine- including casts, amputation, stitches
• Architecture- fluted columns, obelisk
• Mathematics-geometry, algebra, calculations,
  fractions
• Writing- symbols to represent sounds and words

Video- Journals through History