Elements 11 - 20

1
Elements 11 - 20

• Na Sodium
• Mg Magnesium
• Al Aluminum
• Si Silicon
• P Phosphorous
• S Sulfur
• Cl Chlorine
• Ar Argon
• K Potassium
• Ca Calcium

2
Na Sodium

• bright, shiny, extremely reactive metal
• light enough to float on water
• soft enough to be cut with a knife
• must be kept submersed in oil because reacts
  violently with air and moisture

3

• Na (liquid form) used in nuclear reactors to
  transfer heat out of reactor
• Na gives off very intense yellow light so is used
  in fog lights on cars
• doesnt scatter easily in fog like other colors
  of light
• eye is sensitive to color yellow

4

• Different forms
• NaCl common table salt mined from Earths hugh
  natural salt deposits
• NaOH sodium hydroxide, strong base used as drain
  oven cleaner
• sodium carbonate used to make glass
• sodium bicarbonate baking soda
• leavening agent for baking
• antacid to neutralize stomach acid
• agent in fire extinguishers

5
Mg Magnesium

• lightweight, malleable, silvery-white metal
• present in large quantities in seawater
• Mg extracted from seawater is known as milk of
  magnesia
• antacid that neutralizes stomach acid
• gives off intense white light
• used in flashbulbs fireworks

6

• Mg used to create strong alloys
• Mg combined with aluminum (Al) creates strong
  alloy used to make ladders
• other Mg alloys used in
• auto parts
• aircraft parts
• power tools
• lawn mowers
• racing bikes

7
Al Aluminum

• important commercial metal
• uses range from foil to airplane wings
• usually found in nature bonded to O2
• commercial uses
• crystal form (corundum) extremely hard
• used as abrasives in sandpaper grinding tools
• high melting point
• used as fire bricks in ovens furnaces as
  insulating material (spark plugs in cars)

8

• many different Al compounds used in the cosmetic
  industry
• gemstones
• corundum crystals create gems of many colors
  depending on the impurities found with Al
• ruby is red due to chromium
• sapphire is different shades of blue due ratio of
  iron to titanium content

9

• Al is lightweight great conductor of
  electricity
• used in high-voltage transmission lines
• Al reflects radiation well
• used in antennas, heat reflectors solar mirrors
• Al used to make beverage cans
• doesnt corrode like steel
• is good conductor of heat chills quickly

10
Si Silicon

• 2nd most abundant element (after O2) in Earths
  crust
• makes up most of Earths sand, rock soil
• different forms of Si found in microelectronic
  industry
• silicon chips responsible for shrinkage of
  computers from room size to laptop size

11

• Forms of Si
• 1.SiO2(silicon dioxide)
• - most important form two types
• a. crystalline form quartz
• -used in microphones, watches, radio TV
  transmitters
• b. non-crystalline form flint
• -can produce sharp cutting edge prehistoric
  tools

12

• 2. asbestos form of Si used as insulating
  material until discovered can cause lung
  digestive cancers
• used extensively on water pipes, furnaces auto
  brakes
• 3. silica is sand form
• mixed with soda ash limestone, melted to
  create glass
• 4. quartz gemstones (color from impurities)
• - amethyst
• - opal
• - agate
• - jasper

13
P Phosphorus

• element essential to life
• found in
• human skeleton (20 is Ca phosphate Ca, P O)
• teeth (calcium phosphate)
• component of DNA
• two forms red white both burst into flames
  when exposed to air
• used in incendiary devises for military
• used in fertilizers since key for plant life

14
S Sulfur

• found in Earth as ores minerals
• brittle, yellow solid found near edges of hot
  springs/geysers volcanoes
• burns with beautiful blue flame
• most common minerals gypsum pyrite
• combines with H for distinctive rotten egg odor

15

• Sulfuric acid (S mixed with H O) is
• used in auto batteries
• used in metal treatments to remove rust
• extremely corrosive to your skin
• S is used commercially for
• artificial fertilizers
• preserving food
• bleaching textiles
• cleaning metals
• paints dyes

16
Cl Chlorine

• poisonous, yellowish-green gas
• extremely dangerous
• causes extensive lung damage if breathed in
• occurs as dissolved salts in seawater in salt
  mines
• best known for its bleaching action
• excellent disinfectant for swimming pools water
  supplies

17

• large amounts of Cl are commercially produced for
  manufacture of plastic polymers such as polyvinyl
  chloride (PVC)
• PVC has replaced iron in use for water/waste
  pipes since doesnt oxidize (rust) or corrode
  easily
• polymers are used to create clear plastic bottles
  for various drink products

18

• Other forms of Chlorine
• chloroform anesthetic for surgery
• carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) solvent for
  dissolving greases oils and is used in dry
  cleaning process (characteristic odor)
• DDT insecticide which has been banned because
  harms the environment
• CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) ideal refrigerants
  but are destroying Earths ozone layer

19
Ar Argon

• odorless, colorless, inert gas
• in 2000 discovered can form compounds with H F
• compounds are very fragile can only exist _at_
  very low temp (-446 F)
• Commercially used to fill incandescent light
  bulbs (instead of air)
• prevents corrosion of filaments so the bulbs last
  longer

20
K Potassium

• extremely reactive, silvery-white metal
• found in seawater
• essential for plant growth
• reacts violently with water to produce H2 gas
  generates enough heat to cause flames
• used in gunpowder as explosive

21
Ca Calcium

• important nutrient for a wide range of living
  organisms
• found in
• human teeth bones
• shells of marine organisms
• hardened part of coral reefs
• Bahamas
• Florida keys

22

• Commercial uses of Ca
• gypsum plaster
• Ca carbonate antacid
• mortar cement/concrete
• Ca oxide lime is used in theatrical lighting
• - lime when heated gives off intense bluish-white
  light which led to expression in the limelight
• Limestone caves naturally occuring structures
• acidic groundwater seeps into cracks in rocks
  dissolves limestone to form stalactites
  stalagmites in hollow caves