With your host

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With your hostMs. Turner!

• Proteins, Protein Synthesis, Mutations,
  Biotechnology
• Test Review

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Proteins Central Dogma Mutations Biotechnology DNA Fingerprinting
10 10 10 10 10
20 20 20 20 20
30 30 30 30 30
40 40 40 40 40
50 50 50 50 50
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Proteins 10

• What are proteins made out of?
• (aka What are the building blocks of proteins?)

ANSWER
4
Proteins 10 - Answer

• Amino Acids

5
Proteins 20

• Where do amino acids come from?

ANSWER
6
Proteins 20 - Answer

• Some amino acids humans can make for themselves.
• Others have to be obtained through consumption
  (eating).

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Proteins 30

• What are the three main types of proteins?

ANSWER
8
Proteins 30 - Answer

• Structural
• Signaling
• Enzymatic
• Can you name an example of each?

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Proteins 40

• How many different amino acids are there?
• What is the name of the bond that holds them
  together in a chain?

ANSWER
10
Proteins 40 - Answer

• 20 different types of amino acids.
• Peptide Bonds hold amino acids together in a
  chain.
• (Does it make sense that a chain of two or more
  amino acids can be called a polypeptide?)

11
Proteins 50

• Enzymes are an important category of proteins.
• What in general do enzymes do and why are they so
  important?

ANSWER
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Proteins 50 - Answer

• In general, enzymes build molecules up and break
  molecules down (they initiate synthesis or
  lysis/cleavage chemical reactions).
• Enzymes lower activation energy and promote rapid
  reactions to occur. Without enzymes, organisms
  would have to heat to a lethal (deadly)
  temperature or else life sustaining reactions
  would occur too slowly.

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Central Dogma 10

• What three processes make up the Central Dogma
  of Biology?

ANSWER
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Central Dogma 10 - Answer
Extra questions ? What enzymes are involved in
these processes? How is each process different
from the next?
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Central Dogma 20

• Name at least 3 SPECIFIC differences between DNA
  and RNA.
• (could be structural or other)

ANSWER
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Central Dogma 20 - Answer

• DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose.
• DNA has A,T,C,G while RNA has A,U,C,G.
• DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded.
• DNA is replicated entirely, RNA is only
  transcribed for genes.
• DNA replication happens once for a cell, RNA
  transcription happens many times.

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Central Dogma 30

• Draw a quick sketch of the following and label
  which processes are occurring where.

ANSWER
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Central Dogma 30 - Answer

• DNA Replication and Transcription both happen in
  the nucleus. Translation happens in the cytoplasm
  on ribosomes.
• Can you name
• all of the
• structures?

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Central Dogma 40

• Using the following sequence of DNA, what would
  the polypeptide be?

A T G G G G A C C A A T
ANSWER
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Central Dogma 40 - Answer

• A T G G G G A C C A A T
• U A C C C C U G G U U A
• Tyr Pro Trp - Leu

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Double Jeopardy!!
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Central Dogma 50

• Diagram how translation occurs. Be sure to use
  the following correctly
• mRNA, tRNA, ribosome, codon, amino acid, peptide
  bond

ANSWER
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Central Dogma 50 - Answer

• mRNA docks on the ribosome. It is read one codon
  at a time. The anticodon on a tRNA molecule
  matches the mRNA and brings the correct amino
  acid. Amino acids are bonded together with
  peptide bonds.
• (How does the ribosome know when to start making
  the protein and then to stop?)

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Mutations 10

• Define mutation.

ANSWER
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Mutations 10 - Answer

• A mutation is a change in the genetic code (DNA)
  of an organism.

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Mutations 20

• What can cause mutations?

ANSWER
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Mutations 20 - Answer

• Mutations can occur naturally if a base is
  incorrectly copied
• Mutations can be induced by environmental factors
  such as radiation (UV, X-ray), chemicals
  (asbestos), biological (viral infections).

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Mutations 30

• Name the three kinds of point mutations and
  explain how they are different.

ANSWER
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Mutations 30 - Answer

• (all point mutations is a change in one base on
  the DNA molecule)
• Silent the base change doesnt change the amino
  acid coded for by the codon (protein unaffected)
• Missense the base change does change the amino
  acid could result in a functional or
  nonfunctional protein depending on where in the
  protein the amino acid was (and how important it
  was to the proteins function)
• Nonsense the base change results in a stop codon
  instead of an amino acid thus stunting the
  formation of the protein (most likely causing it
  not to work)

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Mutations 40

• How is a body cell mutation different from a sex
  cell mutation?
• (why is this important?)

ANSWER
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Mutations 40 - Answer

• Body Cell Mutations
• If the mutation occurs in somatic cells, it will
  be restricted to the tissues of a single
  organism, not passing it to the next generation
• Sex Cell Mutations
• If the mutation occur in the reproductive cells
  (gametes), they may be transmitted by gametes to
  the next generation

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Mutations 50

• Draw an example of a frameshift mutation.

ANSWER
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Mutations 50 - Answer

• Can show any sort of insertion or deletion of one
  or more bases which then changes the reading
  frame of the codons.

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Biotechnology 10

• What units do micropipettes measure in?

ANSWER
35
Biotechnology 10 - Answer

• Microliters
• ?L

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Biotechnology 20

• Which direction would DNA move in a gel
  electrophoresis box? How do you know?

ANSWER
37
Biotechnology 20 - Answer

• DNA would move toward the positive end (the
  anode) because it is negatively charged.
• (Which part of DNA is negative??)

38
Biotechnology 30

• Name three properties that affect the rate of
  movement of molecules through agarose gel.

ANSWER
39
Biotechnology 30 - Answer

• Size
• Charge
• Shape
• Molecular Weight
• Most important for our purposes

40
Biotechnology 40

• What property of the agarose gel makes it useful
  to sort molecules by properties such as size and
  shape?

ANSWER
41
Biotechnology 40 - Answer

• Agarose gels contain microscopic pores that act
  as sieves (they sort the molecules because its
  easier for some molecules to work their way
  through the pores).

42
Biotechnology 50

• What TWO purposes does the buffer used in gel
  electrophoresis serve?

ANSWER
43
Biotechnology 50 - Answer

• The buffer serves to make the water a better
  conductor of electricity and to control the pH.

44
DNA Fingerprinting 10

• Which fragment could you state is the smallest
  out of all of the fragments on this DNA
  fingerprint? (Could be from any lane)

1 2 3 4 5
ANSWER
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DNA Fingerprinting 10 - Answer

• The band that is farthest from the wells is the
  smallest.

1 2 3 4 5
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DNA Fingerprinting 20

• What is the purpose of restriction enzymes?

ANSWER
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DNA Fingerprinting 20 - Answer

• Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific
  sequences. (Thus making different sized fragments
  of DNA that will make different bands on the gel)

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DNA Fingerprinting 30

• Who committed the crime? How do you know?

ANSWER
49
DNA Fingerprinting 30 - Answer

• The banding pattern on the DNA fingerprint is an
  exact match to Suspect 1.

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DNA Fingerprinting 40

• Which Male is the father of this child? EXPLAIN
  how this is different from DNA fingerprint use in
  with solving crimes.

ANSWER
51
DNA Fingerprinting 40 - Answer

• Half of the childs DNA bands would match the
  mothers and the other half would match the
  Mans. In crime solving, you typically look for
  an EXACT match.

52
DNA Fingerprinting 50

• Why do we use the control DNA (in lane 2) to help
  us determine if Valerie has the mutation
  characteristic of Li-Fraumeni syndrome?

ANSWER
53
DNA Fingerprinting 50 - Answer

• The control test tube is used to compare if she
  has any normal p53 tumor suppressor genes. In her
  blood and normal breast tissue she is
  heterozygous meaning she has one normal gene and
  one mutated.