Thesis, Antithesis,

1
Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis Age of Faith,
Age of Reason andFrench Revolution
GENA 2112 The Characteristics of Western Culture
2
The French Revolution?????

• Leo Gershoy, The Era of the French Revolution
  1789-1799 Ten Years that shook the world
• R. R. Palmer, A History of the Modern World
• R. R. Palmer, The World Revolution of the West
  Political Science Questerly LXIX (1954), pp.
  1-14.
• R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic
  Revolution a Political History of Europe and
  America, 1760-1800

3
The Rise of Modern Europe

• Historical background
• Age of Faith ? Age of Reason ?
• Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution ?
  compass, gunpowder, printing, navigation
  discovery of the world commercial revolution,
  industrial revolution
• ? Age of Enlightenment
• expansion

4
The Rise of Modern Europe

• The French Revolution (1789-1799) And the
  Napoleon Wars (1792-1815) overthrown the old
  order (Ancien Regime the Ancient Regime)
• Bourgeoisie vital role

5
French Revolution Direct and Immediate cause

• French Revolution, direct and immediate
  causefinance
• 18th century commercial, agricultural,
  industrial development
• France the centre of the enlightenment
• ? leading force in Europe
• ? revolution

6
R. R. Palmer French Revolution

• 1760s-1848
• (or Atlantic civilization)
• Age of Democratic Revolution of one a series of
  democratic revolution
• French Revolution compare with US Independence
  1760with similar principles

7
French Revolution Political Revolution?

• French Revolution, Political revolution with
  mission
• fraternity, liberty, equality
• Consequence a series of revolutions thoughts
• Napoleon wars,
• 1830,
• 1848
• Liberalism
• Nationalism
• Romanticism

8
Ancien Regime

• estates ????
• ??
• 1st priests
• 2nd nobles 1-3 (privileged) ? (tax)
• 3rd others (bourgeoisie) 97

9
Ancien Regime

• 17th 18th centuries industrial commercial
  development ?
• Louis 14th
• ? d. 1714 after me, the flood (Après moi
  le déluge)
• Louis 15th (r. 1715-74)(5yrs. old)(1710-74)
• ?
• Louis 16th (1754-93)(r. 1774-92) sincere, family
  man
• 1770 married Marie Antoinette (1755-93) Austrian
  princess that Austrian womaen
• luxurious

10
Intellectual Background

• France enlightenment centre
• philosophers
• John Lock ????
• Montesquieu??????
• Rousseau????
• Voltaire?????
• ? French Revolution
• natural right, limited government???

11
Unfair Taxation System in France

• e.g.US Independence, 1776
• expensive

12
Unfair Taxation System

• 1730-1780 inflation 65?
• But wages 22?
• bread ?
• ? July 14, 1789 Bastille riots by mobs
• Marseillaise??????National Anthem?
• August 27
• Declaration of the Rights of Man
• We are both free equal
• natural right
• French Revolution spirit achievement

13
The French Revolution

• Flags red, white, blue (originally the colors of
  the Bourbon royal family and Paris)
• Representing fraternity????, equality????,
  liberty????
• September 21, 1792 Louis 16th abdicated
• December 11 Louis Capet trial at court
• January 15, 1793 guilty
• 721???
• -31 absent
• -11 abstained

14
Reign of Terror

• January 16
• 361 vs 360 death penalty
• January 21 guillotine (???)
• ?Republic
• Reign of Terror until the rise of Napoleon

15
Napoleon Bonaparte

• b. 1769 (August 15)
• Corsica (Italy)
• May, 1768 sold to France
• 1779-84 military school, but good at history
  maths.
• Military genius (gifted)
• 1796 married Josephine (1763-1714)

16
Napoleon Bonaparte

• military genius (success)
• Europe almost unified
• Spreading of revolution ideals
• Revolution enthusiasm ? pushing Napoleon
• Enlightened despotism revolutionary emotion
  Napoleons life career
• Leon Tolstoy?????? Peace War ???????

17
Napoleon Bonaparte

• defender of the New Order
• yet, enlightened despot.
• work hard 18 hrs/ day
• seldom sleep

18
Napoleon Bonaparte

• May 18, 1804 Napoleon Emperor of the French
• December 2 coronation by Pope at Nortre Dame
  Cathedral
• Compare with Charlemagne (800)

19
Napoleon Bonaparte

• Internal
• Finished the riots, return to order
• Code Napoleon (1804-10)
• education
• elder brother Joseph 1807
• ?Naples then 1808
• ?Spain

20
Napoleon Bonaparte

• younger brother Louis ? Netherland (Holland)
  Jeromy ?Westphalia
• younger sister Caroline ? Queen of Naples (1808)
• BUT, was defeated by the British Navy (Admiral
  Nelson)
• ? Continental system milk
• unsuccessful
• 1812?invasion to Russia
• winter Moscow
• 1813 Britain (Wellington)
• ?Prussia
• 1814 Leipzig
• ?Exile to Elba
• then, Hundred Days (March 20-June 29)

21
Napoleon Bonaparte

• but Waterloo June 18,
• British general Wellington
• Prussia
• Rain, Fate ?
• ?
• Saint Helena (Africa) d. 1821

22
The Vienna Settlement, 1815

• The Congress of Vienna, 1814-15
• political restoration
• remaking of Europe (legitimacy)
• compensation

23
The Vienna Settlement, 1815

• Conservatism
• liberalism
• nationalism
• between 1919 Paris Peace Conference
• Vienna 1814-15 ? 1919
• ?longer peace, more well-balanced, stability
  until 1848

24
The Vienna Settlement, 1815

• constructive peace treaty, successful
• until World War I, Europe, no big wars most
  influential diplomatic agreement
• France --- lenient
• ?France not hostile
• (between 1919 Germany)

25
Concert of Europe ?????

• Metternich Era, 1815-1849
• Henry Kissinger, The World Restored
• (PhD)
• Representatives
• Metternich (Austria)
• Castlereagh ( Wellington) (Britain)
• Nesselrode (Czar Alexander I)
• Hardenberg (Prussia)
• Talleyrand (France)
• diplomat ???? ????

26
Metternich (Austria)

• conservative hardliner
• Against democracy
• ??????? Austrian Empire
• ?Austria multi-races
• ?French Revolution???? ????
• Change leads not to salvation, not to progress,
  but to perdition.
• If you change anything, youll upset
  everything.
• status quo

27
Metternich Era (1815-48)

• Metternich born aristocrat
• married 18th century Austrian diplomat, Count
  Kaunitzs granddaughter
• 1806 as Ambassador to France
• French Revolution
• terrorism, anarchism

28
Austria

• Austria conservatism
• Not suited for nationalism/ liberalism
• ?multi-races ? Magyars, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats,
  Romanians, Poles, Germans, Hungarians,
  Austrians
• ( poor peasants)
• Austria compare with USA
• Metternich compare with Henry Kissinger ? PhD
  The World Restored

29
Metternichs Ideas

• ? international, intervention
• Best solution
• Concert of Europe
• i.e. regular meetings to settle problems
• Nov. 20, 1815
• Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia?Quadruple
  Alliance, Vienna Settlement for 20 years

30
The Congresses

• 1st Congress 1818 at Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen)
• Withdraw troops in France
• Fr. Quad.
• ? Quintuple Alliance
• 2nd (1820) at Troppau
• 3rd (1820) at Laibach
• 4th (18220 at Verona

31
Foreign Minister of Britain

• British Foreign minister
• Castlereagh on August 3, 1822 committed suicide
• George Canning (1770-1827) Splendid Isolation
• ?Br. withdrew

32
Britain

• Canning, I called the New World into existence
  to redress the balance of the old.
• Br. supported US President Monroe
• December 2, 1823 Monroe Doctrine (????)
• September, 1815 (Czar Alexander I Russia)
• Holy Alliance (innocent)
• Austria, Prussia etc.
• a high- sounding nothing
• a piece of sublime mysticism nonsense

33
Czar Alexander I (Russia)

• Innocent, unstable
• shifty Byzantine

34
Castereagh (Britain)

• Traditional balance of power
• balance of power
• (equilibrium)

35
Castereagh (Britain)

• The balance of power theory
• Hegel ???
• Thesis,??
• Antithesis,??
• Synthesis?

36

• 1815 Vienna Settlement
• Metternich Era (Austria)
• ?
• 1848
• 1852 Napoleon III (France)
• ?
• 1870
• 1871 (the end of an era)
• Unification of Italy
• Unification of Germany

37
New Balance of Power

• nationalism, new imperialism, social Darwinism
  (the survival of the fittest), Marxism, alliance
  system (2 armed camps)? World War I, 1914
• After 1815, Congress of Vienna,
• Germany 300s?39states
• Italy?9states
• Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, Modena, Tuscany,
  Piedment, Sardinia, Naples, Sicily Papal

38
New Imperialism

• (between ancient Athens mainly military16th ,
  17th commercialNOW industrial economic)
• 1870-1914 ??????????
• e.g. expansion, Britain
• France, Netherland, Portugal, Italy
• colonies ---Africa, Asia
• (raw materials) ( markets)
• God (religious mission)
• Gold (greed)
• Glory (military)

39
New Imperialism

• Lenin, Imperialism the Highest Stage of
  Capitalism (c1916)
• Exploitation of the poor (proletariat)
• Joseph Schumpeter, The Sociology of Imperialism

40
New Imperialism

• E. M. Winslow
• social Darwinism
• Charles Darwin, Survival of the fittest
• Translation in Chinese (?? ??????,???????????)
• Hernert Spenser, Illustrations of Universal
  Progress (1865),
• The Principles of Sociology (1885),
• comments (1902)