III.???? (Location theory)

1
III.????(Location theory)

• 1.Firm location and urban system
• 2.Relations between firms and industries

2
1. firm location urban system

• ?????
• ?????
• ?????
• ?????

3
1)????????

• Thunen,1826,
• ??????????????
• ?????????????(???????????),????????????
• Optimal agricultural land uses based on transport
  costs to market

4
??

• ????
• 1.?????????????
• 2.??????????
• 3.??????,?????????
• 4.???50???????,???????
• 5.??????????????,?????????????
• 6.????????????
• ??????
• R(P-C-Kt)Q
• P???????C???Q??K???(??)???t???
• ????(??????????)

5
????????????,???????????????????????

• ????????
• ?????
• ?????(???)
• ???????????
• ??????(?????????)
• ?????(???51-80???,????,????)

6
?????

• ??????????????
• ????(Sinclair,1967)
• ?????,????????????????????,????
• William Alonso (1933-1999)
• Optimal distances of residential and commercial
  land uses from CBD

7
2)????????Alfred Weber, 1909 ???????????

• ??????,????????
• ?????????????????
• ???????????????????
• ?????????????????

8
?????????????????
9
????????(Varignnon Frame)
10
3)Hoover?????1948???????

• ???????????????(????,??,??,?????????)???????(????
  ,??,??????,????,????????)?
• ?????????,?????????????????????????
• ?????????????????,??????????????????,??????????
  
• ??????,????????????????????????????
• An Introduction to Regional EconomicsEdgar M.
  Hoover and Frank Giarratani
• http//www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Giarratani/cont
  ents.htm

11
????????

• ?????????????,?????????????????????????????????,
  ?????????????????,??????????????????,????????
• (?????/just-in-time/????)
• ?????????(????????),??????????????

12

4)????????Losch, 1940, ??????

• market-oriented?????????????--???
• ?????????,????????????
• --????????????,?????????????????????,????????
  

13
5)?????(central place theory) ????? Christaller
, 1933

• ????????????--???,???,???????,????????????????????
  ????
• ??????(????)
• ???

14
2. relations between firms industries
??????????
15
1)?????(spatial competition for market
share)????????

• ?????(Hotelling model) Hotelling, 1929,
  Stability in competition, Economic Journal,
  341-57.
• two ice cream vendors on the beach to share
  market attendance for spatial concentration

16
Hotelling Modellocations of venders on the beach
17
2)??(agglomeration)

• ????????(agglomeration economies) ?????(Hoover,
  1937)
• I.????(scale economies)
• II.?????(localization economies)
• III. ?????(urbanization economies)

18

• I.????(scale economies)
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????,
  ??????????????????????????.
• II. ?????(localization economies)????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????,?????????????????
  ?????????share labor pool, suppliers, etc.
• III.????? (urbanization economies)
• ???????????????????????????
• a) ????????(e.g. subway), ????
• b) ???versatility, e.g. New York, fashion
  industry

19
???????????(external scale economies)

• Marshall (1890 1961) defines external scale
  economies as cost savings accruing to the firm
  because of size or growth of output in industry
  generally. Such economies contrast directly with
  internal scale economies, which are the source of
  increasing returns from growth in the size of
  plant. Such external economies are essentially
  spatial externalities, which may be defined
  generally as economic side-effects of proximity
  between economic actors. They can be either
  negative or positive, static or dynamic,
  pecuniary or technological. The static variety
  are reversible, whereas dynamic externalities are
  those associated with the technological advances,
  increased specialization, and division of labor
  that accompanies and/or drives growth and
  development (Young 1928).

20
external scale economies??? (Marshall, 1890
1961)

• a. (???)???? ??????????,???????,??/????
• b.????? land cost, congestion, etc.
• ?change cost patterns (e.g. labor cost rises)
• ? increase productivity or decline

21
????

• Vernon (1960) the case of New York
• a. versatility
• b. skillful labor
• c. small firms specialized
• d. face to face contact
• e. ???????? (E.g. Specific machine)
• f. ???(suppliers)
• --backward/forward linkages

22
 3)linkage studies

• 50-60s, mapping the relations between sectors and
  economies
• linkages the contacts and flows of information
  and/or materials between two or more individuals.
• --indicate the interdependence among firms and
  its effects on location

23
linkages

• forward linkages market-orientedproducer and
  customers
• backward linkages producers and suppliers (of
  goods and services)
• sideways interaction with other firms involved
  in the same process

24
sectoral relations

• input-output models, Wassily Leontief
  transaction table
• The production (or output) of one sector become
  the inputs for other sectors
• Input-output analysis(IO)
• (http//faculty.washington.edu/krumme/207/inputout
  put.html)

25
Input-output table for Mexico, 1980(rowssales/
columnspurchases)
 
26
?linkage studies???

• which linkages matter?
• Goods/markets/services/ information/technology

27
4)????(path dependency) ???????

• ? QWERTY?????????,??????????(lock in)?

28
Krugman (1991, p. 60) cites the carpet industry
in Dalton, Georgia.

• . . .in 1895 the teenaged Miss Evans made a
  bedspread as a gift. The recipients and their
  neighbors were delighted with the gift, and over
  the next few years Miss Evans made a number of
  tufted items, discovering in 1900 a trick of
  locking the tufts into the backing. She now began
  to sell the bedspreads, and she and her friends
  and neighbors launched a local handicraft
  industry that began selling items well beyond the
  immediate vicinity.

29
Path Dependency

• There was no carpet technology institute at the
  local university, no cluster of carpet producers
  in the region, and no history of carpet making
  among local workers. Yet Dalton became a leader
  in carpet production (indeed, a carpet industry
  cluster), scale economies and externalities
  reinforced its lead, and the rest is history.
  Because technology can be path dependent,
  regional development trajectories can become path
  dependent.

30
Reference

• An Introduction to Regional EconomicsEdgar M.
  Hoover and Frank Giarratani
• http//www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Giarratani/cont
  ents.htm
• ???,p.50-53
• ???,1999, ?????,?????, ???????
• Krugman, Geography and Trade
• Leon Moses, "Location and the Theory of
  Production," Quarterly Journal of Economics,
  vol.72, 1958, pp.259-72.