Chapter 1 The Science of Biology

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Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
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1.1 What is Science?
I. Science A. Methods
1. Observation using senses to gather
information
a. Data 2 types
1) Quantitative can be measured number value
Example temperature , density, pressure
2) Qualitative cannot be measured
characteristic
Example color, odor, texture, shape
2. Inference logical interpretation based on
prior knowledge/experience

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1.2 How Scientists Work

• B. Scientific Method-

1. Problem- Develop a question that is testable
2. Hypothesis possible answer to the problem
3. Controlled Experiment tests the hypothesis
a. parts a) constant remains the same
b) control group original group, used for
comparison
c) experimental group group that is changed
d) manipulated variable (independent) changed
by experimenter
e) responding variable (dependent) factor
observed/changes
4. Record/Analyze Data
5. Draw Conclusion state if hypothesis is
right or wrong why
6. Theory may be revised or changed as new
evidence is found
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1.3 Studying Life

• II. Characteristics of Living Things (pages
  16-17)

A. Made up of cells
1. unicellular- one cell
2. multicellular many cells
B. Reproduce
1. asexual one cell divides into two
2. sexual two cells come together
C. Universal Genetic Code DNA, RNA
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Characteristics of Living Things Cont

• D. Grow and Develop- increase in size
  development of new characteristics, or refinement
  of reasoning/ behaviors

E. Obtain/Use Materials and Energy-Metabolism
F. Respond to Environment
stimulus- signal or change in environment that
causes a response
G. Stable internal environment Homeostasis
H. Change over time Adapt - Evolve
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• III. Branches of Biology-examples

-zoology
histology
botany
ornithology
IV. Levels of Organization (page 21)
A. Molecules groups of atoms
B. Cells smallest functional unit of life
C. Organism individual living thing
D. Population group of one type of organism in
one area
E. Community populations living together
F. Ecosystem communities nonliving
surroundings
G. Biome group of ecosystems with same
climate/communities
H. Biosphere part of Earth that contains all
ecosystems
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1.4 Tools and Procedures

• V. Metric System?

based on powers of ten
1. Units meter (length), gram (mass), liter
(volume), OC (temp.)
VI. Microscope produce magnified images too
small to see with the eye
A. Compound Light Microscope
1. allows light to pass through specimen and uses
lenses
B. Electron Microscope
1. uses beam of electrons to view specimen
2. Two Types
a. SEM Scanning Electron Microscope- scans
surface for 3-D image
b. TEM Transmission Electron Microscope- goes
through specimen to view internal structure
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• VII. Lab Techniques

A. Cell culture

• Grow cells on a nutrient rich petri dish

B. Cell Fractionation

• Used to separate different cell parts

• Centrifuge

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11

• Observations involving numbers or measurements
  are known as
• A. qualitative observations.
• B. hypothetical observations.
• C. quantitative observations.
• D. inferred observations.

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11

• Which of the following shows the interaction of
  science and human values?
• A. the debate over the best way to produce
  electricity
• B. investigating how a manatee behaves
• C. Determining what causes a disease
• D. using a hypothesis to test an explanation

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11

• A scientist takes paint chips from 10 apartments
  in a large building. She tests for the presence
  of lead in the paint and finds it in all 10
  samples. She then concludes that lead paint is
  probably present in all 120 apartments in the
  building. This conclusion is an example of
• A. a scientific fact.
• B. a scientific error.
• C. proof.
• D. a reasonable inference.

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• A possible explanation for a set of observations
  is known as
• A. data.
• B. a hypothesis.
• C. an inference.
• D. a result.

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11

• A good scientific hypothesis must be
• A. correct.
• B. able to be tested.
• C. obvious.
• D. based on common sense.

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12

• 6. In an experiment, the variable that is
  deliberately changed is called the
• A. control.
• B. manipulated variable.
• C. responding variable.
• D. constant control.

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12

• 7. The mistaken belief that living organisms can
  arise from nonliving matter is called
• A. biogenesis.
• B. Pasteur's theory.
• C. spontaneous generation.
• D. Spallanzanis hypothesis.

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12

• 8. Which of the following was the manipulated
  variable in Redis experiment?
• A. the kind of meat used
• B. the temperature the jars were kept at
• C. the gauze covering on some jars
• D. the kind of fly that visited the jars

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• 9. A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad
  range of observations is a
• A. hypothesis.
• B. variable.
• C. control.
• D. theory.

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12

• 10 .A scientific explanation does not become a
  theory until
• A. a majority of scientists agree with it.
• B. it has been supported by evidence from
  numerous investigations and observations.
• C. it is first proposed as an explanation
• D. it is published in a textbook.

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1-3

• 11. An increase in size is known as
• A. growth.
• B. metabolism.
• C. development.
• D. differentiation.

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1-3

• 12. Which of the following is NOT a
  characteristic of all living things?
• A. use of energy
• B. made of cells
• C. stable internal environment
• D. need for oxygen

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1-3

• 13. Which of the following are branches in the
  study of biology?
• A. cells, tissues, organs, and organisms
• B. botany, cell biology, ecology, and zoology
• C. populations, communities, and ecosystems
• D. the genetic code, evolution, and the biosphere

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1-3

• 14. The genetic code is carried in
• A. water.
• B. DNA.
• C. proteins.
• D. soil.

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1-3

• 15. Which of the following shows the levels of
  organization in correct order from the simplest
  to the most complex?
• A. organisms, cells, populations, molecules,
  ecosystems
• B. ecosystems, populations, organisms, cells,
  molecules
• C. molecules, cells, organisms, populations,
  ecosystems
• D. molecules, organisms, cells, populations,
  ecosystems

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1-4

• 16. A single measurement system is commonly used
  in science because
• A. it allows scientists to easily replicate one
  anothers experiments by using a system based on
  powers of ten.
• B. basic units of mass, length, and volume are
  unrelated to one another.
• C. more kinds of measurements can be made.
• D. computers can store large amounts of
  scientific data.

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1-4

• 17. Compared to a light microscope, an electron
  microscope is used to observe
• A. larger objects with less detail.
• B. larger objects with more detail.
• C. smaller objects with more detail.
• D. smaller objects with less detail.

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1-4

• 18. A device that separates cell parts is a
• A. centrifuge.
• B. cell culture.
• C. light microscope.
• D. electron microscope.

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1-4

• 19. A technique in which cells are grown in a
  nutrient solution is known as
• A. staining.
• B. cell fractionation.
• C. cell culturing.
• D. cell fertilizing.

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1-4

• 20. When you work in a biology laboratory
  situation, your first priority should be to
• A. make sure all materials are available.
• B. modify any instructions that do not make
  sense.
• C. familiarize yourself with all safety rules
  before beginning to work.
• D. know ahead of time what kinds of results to
  expect.

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11

• 1. Observations involving numbers are known as
• A. qualitative observations.
• B. hypothetical observations.
• C. quantitative observations.
• D. inferred observations.

31
11

• 2. Which of the following shows the interaction
  of science and human values?
• A. the debate over the best way to produce
  electricity
• B. investigating how a manatee behaves
• C. Determining what causes a disease
• D. using a hypothesis to test an explanation

32
11

• 3. A scientist takes paint chips from 10
  apartments in a large building. She tests for
  the presence of lead in the paint and finds it in
  all 10 samples. She then concludes that lead
  paint is probably present in all 120 apartments
  in the building. This conclusion is an example
  of
• A. a scientific fact.
• B. a scientific error.
• C. proof.
• D. a reasonable inference.

33
11

• 4. A possible explanation for a set of
  observations is known as
• A. data.
• B. a hypothesis.
• C. an inference.
• D. a result.

34
11

• 5. A good scientific hypothesis must be
• A. correct.
• B. able to be tested.
• C. obvious.
• D. based on common sense.

35
12

• 6. In an experiment, the variable that is
  deliberately changed is called the
• A. control.
• B. manipulated variable.
• C. responding variable.
• D. constant control.

36
12

• 7. The mistaken belief that living organisms can
  arise from nonliving matter is called
• A. biogenesis.
• B. Pasteur's theory.
• C. spontaneous generation.
• D. Spallanzanis hypothesis.

37
12

• 8. Which of the following was the manipulated
  variable in Redis experiment?
• A. the kind of meat used
• B. the temperature the jars were kept at
• C. the gauze covering on some jars
• D. the kind of fly that visited the jars

38
12

• 9. A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad
  range of observations is a
• A. hypothesis.
• B. variable.
• C. control.
• D. theory.

39
12

• 10. A scientific explanation does not become a
  theory until
• A. a majority of scientists agree with it.
• B. it has been supported by evidence from
  numerous investigations and observations.
• C. it is first proposed as an explanation
• D. it is published in a textbook.

40
1-3

• 11.An increase in size is known as
• A. growth.
• B. metabolism.
• C. development.
• D. differentiation.

41
1-3

• 12.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic
  of all living things?
• A. use of energy
• B. made of cells
• C. stable internal environment
• D. need for oxygen

42
1-3

• 13.Which of the following are branches in the
  study of biology?
• A. cells, tissues, organs, and organisms
• B. botany, cell biology, ecology, and zoology
• C. populations, communities, and ecosystems
• D. the genetic code, evolution, and the biosphere

43
1-3

• 14.The genetic code is carried in
• A. water.
• B. DNA.
• C. proteins.
• D. soil.

44
1-3

• 15.Which of the following shows the levels of
  organization in correct order from the simplest
  to the most complex?
• A. organisms, cells, populations, molecules,
  ecosystems
• B. ecosystems, populations, organisms, cells,
  molecules
• C. molecules, cells, organisms, populations,
  ecosystems
• D. molecules, organisms, cells, populations,
  ecosystems

45
1-4

• 16.A single measurement system is commonly used
  in science because
• A. it allows scientists to easily replicate one
  anothers experiments by using a system based on
  powers of ten.
• B. basic units of mass, length, and volume are
  unrelated to one another.
• C. more kinds of measurements can be made.
• D. computers can store large amounts of
  scientific data.

46
1-4

• 17.Compared to a light microscope, an electron
  microscope is used to observe
• A. larger objects with less detail.
• B. larger objects with more detail.
• C. smaller objects with more detail.
• D. smaller objects with less detail.

47
1-4

• 18.A device that separates cell parts is a
• A. centrifuge.
• B. cell culture.
• C. light microscope.
• D. electron microscope.

48
1-4

• 19.A technique in which cells are grown in a
  nutrient solution is known as
• A. staining.
• B. cell fractionation.
• C. cell culturing.
• D. cell fertilizing.

49
1-4

• 20.When you work in a biology laboratory
  situation, your first priority should be to
• A. make sure all materials are available.
• B. modify any instructions that do not make
  sense.
• C. familiarize yourself with all safety rules
  before beginning to work.
• D. know ahead of time what kinds of results to
  expect.