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Title: Program design should include:

1
Program design should include

Ongoing assessment using multiple measures.
Integrated schooling (all language learners
together)
High expectations by teachers
Equal status of languages
Healthy parent involvement
Continuous staff development
Second language taught through academic content
Critical thinking across language program
Activation of students' prior knowledge
Respect for students' home language and culture
Cooperative learning
Interactive and discovery learning
Intense and meaningful cognitive/academic
development

2
Guidelines for Assessing Bilingual and
Trillingual Children

Assessment must be developmentally and culturally
appropriate.
The child's bilingual linguistic background must
be taken into consideration in any authentic
assessment of oral language proficiency.
Bilingualism is a complex concept and includes
individuals with a broad range of speaking,
reading, writing, and comprehending abilities in
each language. Furthermore, these abilities are
constantly in flux.
A fully contextual account of the child's
language skills requires the involvement of
parents and family members, the students
themselves, teachers, and staff in providing a
detailed picture of the context of language
learning and the resources that are available to
the child (Nissani, 1990). What is called for is
a description of the child's language
environment, of the extent to which significant
others-adults or children-provide language
assistance by modeling, expanding, restating,
repeating, questioning, prompting, negotiating
meaning, cueing, pausing, praising, and providing
visual and other supports. Assessment of the
child needs to take into account the entire
context in which the child is learning and
developing.

3
Seven observations of good multilingual programs

First, successful multilingual programs start
foreign language instruction early, normally in
elementary school.
Second, successful multilingual programs teach
through coherent, well-articulated frameworks,
which are careful to scaffold their learning in a
developmental style.
Third, the successful multilingual schools
typically enjoy strong leadership, and have
enthusiastic backing from key stakeholders.
Fourth, successful multilingual programs teach
languages as core subjects, (unlike the American
tendency to make foreign languages electives).

Elizabeth Clayton, Center for Applied
Linguistics
4

Fifth, successful multilingual school teachers
receive rigorous preparation and are trained how
to manage students from different language
backgrounds. They also make language a priority,
giving it equal status with prestigious courses
like Math, Physics and Core Language.
Sixth, good multilingual programs creatively use
technology in the classroom to increase
interaction with native language speakers.
Seventh, successful multilingual schools offered
support for heritage language, or the childs
mother tongue

5
Ten additional characteristics of successful
multilingual schools

Successful multilingual schools ensure that
language basics, including phonemic awareness,
phonic fluency, age appropriate vocabulary, text
comprehension and grammar are taught explicitly.
They emphasize good oral skills and encourage
active, authentic language use by students.
Successful multilingual schools integrate the
students family in a positive way.

Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2008
6

They use a variety of assessment tools and
consider the product, the process and the
progress of the student.
Some of the most successful schools use thematic
syllabi and work within dual-immersion structures
in which all students take pride in their home
language while learning a second or third.
The most successful schools conduct linguistic
and ethnic audits and know their clients
(students) well. When possible, they hire staff
that speak the home languages of the families
they serve and make every effort to keep clear
channels of communication.

Successful schools conduct regular teacher
training to ensure that teachers keep an up to
date toolbox of activities handy.
They also have high expectations of their
students.
The best multilingual schools allow a portion of
their budget to be invested in multilingual
materials and media.
Successful multilingual schools do their best to
create a significant learning experiences, which
relate new information to prior knowledge, and
give students a certain level of autonomy
(control and choice).

8
Questions?Thank you for coming!
9
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