Program design should include:

1
Program design should include

• Ongoing assessment using multiple measures.
• Integrated schooling (all language learners
  together)
• High expectations by teachers
• Equal status of languages
• Healthy parent involvement
• Continuous staff development
• Second language taught through academic content
• Critical thinking across language program
• Activation of students' prior knowledge
• Respect for students' home language and culture
• Cooperative learning
• Interactive and discovery learning
• Intense and meaningful cognitive/academic
  development

2
Guidelines for Assessing Bilingual and
Trillingual Children

• Assessment must be developmentally and culturally
  appropriate.
• The child's bilingual linguistic background must
  be taken into consideration in any authentic
  assessment of oral language proficiency.
  Bilingualism is a complex concept and includes
  individuals with a broad range of speaking,
  reading, writing, and comprehending abilities in
  each language. Furthermore, these abilities are
  constantly in flux.
• A fully contextual account of the child's
  language skills requires the involvement of
  parents and family members, the students
  themselves, teachers, and staff in providing a
  detailed picture of the context of language
  learning and the resources that are available to
  the child (Nissani, 1990). What is called for is
  a description of the child's language
  environment, of the extent to which significant
  others-adults or children-provide language
  assistance by modeling, expanding, restating,
  repeating, questioning, prompting, negotiating
  meaning, cueing, pausing, praising, and providing
  visual and other supports. Assessment of the
  child needs to take into account the entire
  context in which the child is learning and
  developing.

3
Seven observations of good multilingual programs

1. First, successful multilingual programs start
   foreign language instruction early, normally in
   elementary school.
2. Second, successful multilingual programs teach
   through coherent, well-articulated frameworks,
   which are careful to scaffold their learning in a
   developmental style.
3. Third, the successful multilingual schools
   typically enjoy strong leadership, and have
   enthusiastic backing from key stakeholders.
4. Fourth, successful multilingual programs teach
   languages as core subjects, (unlike the American
   tendency to make foreign languages electives).

Elizabeth Clayton, Center for Applied
Linguistics
4

• Fifth, successful multilingual school teachers
  receive rigorous preparation and are trained how
  to manage students from different language
  backgrounds. They also make language a priority,
  giving it equal status with prestigious courses
  like Math, Physics and Core Language.
• Sixth, good multilingual programs creatively use
  technology in the classroom to increase
  interaction with native language speakers.
• Seventh, successful multilingual schools offered
  support for heritage language, or the childs
  mother tongue

5
Ten additional characteristics of successful
multilingual schools

1. Successful multilingual schools ensure that
   language basics, including phonemic awareness,
   phonic fluency, age appropriate vocabulary, text
   comprehension and grammar are taught explicitly.
2. They emphasize good oral skills and encourage
   active, authentic language use by students.
3. Successful multilingual schools integrate the
   students family in a positive way.

Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2008
6

1. They use a variety of assessment tools and
   consider the product, the process and the
   progress of the student.
2. Some of the most successful schools use thematic
   syllabi and work within dual-immersion structures
   in which all students take pride in their home
   language while learning a second or third.
3. The most successful schools conduct linguistic
   and ethnic audits and know their clients
   (students) well. When possible, they hire staff
   that speak the home languages of the families
   they serve and make every effort to keep clear
   channels of communication.

7

1. Successful schools conduct regular teacher
   training to ensure that teachers keep an up to
   date toolbox of activities handy.
2. They also have high expectations of their
   students.
3. The best multilingual schools allow a portion of
   their budget to be invested in multilingual
   materials and media.
4. Successful multilingual schools do their best to
   create a significant learning experiences, which
   relate new information to prior knowledge, and
   give students a certain level of autonomy
   (control and choice).

8
Questions?Thank you for coming!
9
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47
For more information

• Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa, Ph.D.
• IDEA Instituto de Enseñanza y Aprendizaje
• Universidad San Francisco de Quito
• Casa Corona Planta Baja
• Telf. 297-1700 x 1338 o 297-1937
• desarrolloprofesional_at_usfq.edu.ec
• ttokuhama_at_usfq.edu.ec
• www.educacionparatodos.com