????? ??? ????

1
????? ??? ???? ???? ????
????????????????
???? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ?????, ???
?????, ????. ?????? ????, ????' ???? ?????
??????? ???? ???????? ??????
2
Valence bond theory ??????? ?- Valence Bond (VB),
?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????,
?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????
??????, ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????
???????? ?????? ????? (hybridization) ???????
???? (set) ??? ?? ?????????, ??????? ?????????
????????? (???????).
3
??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????, CH4,
??????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ?????
?????????? ????? ????? ??? 1s22s22px12py1. ????
??????? ???? ????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ??????
????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???, ?????
?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? 2s,
2px, 2py, 2pz ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????
??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????. ?????????
??????? ??? ??????? ?- sp3- ????? ?????????
?????? ?"?????" ??????? s ??? ?????? ???????? p
(????? 3 ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????????
???????? ?? ????????).
4
???? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????
???????? ???????. ?? ??? ????????? sp3 ??? ?????
????? ?? ??????? 1s ?? ???? ????, ????????? ?????
??????? ???? ????? ???? H-C ????, ?????? ??????
109o28- ??????.
5
Molecular orbitals theory - MO ?? ?? ???? ??,
??? ???????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ????????
?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???, ???? ?? ?????????
?????- ????????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ????
????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????
????????? ??????? ????. ?????????? ??????????? ??
?????? ????? ??????, ??? ???????? ????. ?????
?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????, ???????? ??????
???? ?? ????? ??????. ????????? ???????? ????
????, ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??
H-O-H. ?????? ???????? VB ??????? ?????????
?????????? ???????, ??????? MO ??????? ??????
?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????
?????????? ???????????.
6

• ??????? MO
• ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????
  ???????? ?? ???????? ????. ????? ??????? ????????
  ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????
  (????? ??????).
• ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??
• ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????
• ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????
• ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????

7
??????? MO ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??
???????? CH4 ?? ?? ??????? MO
8
??? ???? ????? ??????? MO ?? ??????? VB? ???
???????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??????
??????? ????. ??????? ???????? ???? CH4, ?? ??
??????? VB ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????
????. ??? ??????? MO, ??????? ????? ?????????
?????????? ??????? s2p ???????? ???????? ??? ????
??????? ???? s2s. ?????? ????????????? ???????
?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????????
???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? MO ??????? ????.
9
????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? C2H4 ???
????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????
MO ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???
??????? ???? ??????? ???????. ???????? ?????
??????? ????? ???? s ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????
???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????
?????? p.
10
??????? MO ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? MO ???????
????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ???
?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???
?????. ????? ?? HF ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????.
????? ?? LiF ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????
??????? ?????? ??? ????.