???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????

1
??? 2
?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????
???? ?????
2

• ???? ???????? ?????
• ???? ???? ?????? ??
• ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????
• ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???
  ???????
• ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????

???? ?'
3
????? ???? ????????
???? ???????? HgS
????? 2 CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
4
???????
5
?????? ???- ????? (Murex Trunculus)
http//www.jolique.com/dyes_colorants/purple_passi
on.htm
6
??????? ?????? ????????
7
????? ?????
???? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ??????
????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????, ???? ????? ???
???????? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????
???????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????.
???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??
????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ??
????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ??
??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????
??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.
???? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ???? ???? ???????,
????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????
????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????
8
???? ?????? ????????? ????????, ??? ????????, ??
???? ??? ??????- ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????
?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????.
???? ????????
http//www2.chem.ucalgary.ca/Flash/density.html
???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ?? ???? ???????
?? ?? ??, ??? ??? ???? ???????? (????? ?????? ???
??? ???? ?????) ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? (???
???? ?????) . ???????? ???-??????, ?? ?????
????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????. ????
??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????,
?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????
?????.
9
????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????, ???
?? ?? "???? ?????" ?????? ????? ?????????.
??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???
??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????
?????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???
??????.
10
??????? ?????????? ???????????
??????? ?????????? ??????????? (Molecular
Orbitals, MO), ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
????????? ?? ????????. ???? ?? ????? ???? ??
??????? ?????? ?? ????????, ?? ????? ?????? ????
??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????
????? ????? ????? ????- ????? ??????? ????,
??????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??
????????. ?? ?? ???? ??, ??????????
???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????,
????? ?????????? ?????. ???? ???? ???????? ?????
????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ??????? ????????
????? ???? ??? ??????? (?? ????) ????????. ???
??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???
???? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ????.
11
Valence bond theory ??????? ?- Valence Bond
(VB), ??? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????
????? ?? ????? ?? ????????, ?? ?????? ?? ????
?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????, ??????????
???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????
(hybridization) ??????? ???? (set) ??? ??
?????????, ??????? ????????? ?????????
(???????).
??????
12
??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????, CH4,
??????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ?????
?????????? ????? ????? ??? 1s22s22px12py1. ????
??????? ???? ????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ??????
????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???, ?????
?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? 2s,
2px, 2py, 2pz ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????
??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????. ?????????
??????? ??? ??????? ?- sp3- ????? ?????????
?????? ?"?????" ??????? s ??? ?????? ???????? p.
??????
13
??????
???? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????
???????? ???????. ?? ??? ????????? sp3 ??? ?????
????? ?? ??????? 1s ?? ???? ????, ????????? ?????
??????? ???? ????? ???? H-C ????, ?????? ??????
109o28- ??????.
14
??????? ?????????? ??????????? MO
?? ?? ???? ??, ??? ???????? ????????, ??????
?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???,
???? ?? ????????? ?????- ????????? ??????????.
??? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???
???? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ????.
?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????,
??? ???????? ????. ?????? ???????? ?- VB
??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ?-
MO ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????,
???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????????.
15

• ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????
  ???????? ?? ???????? ????. ????? ??????? ????????
  ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????
  (????? ??????)- LCAO .
• ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????
  ???????? ???? ?????
• ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????
• ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????
• ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????

16
??????
??? ???? ????? ??????? MO ?? ??????? VB? ???
???????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??????
??????? ????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?????, CH4, ??
?? ??????? ?- VB, ????? ?????????? ???????????
???????? ????. ?? ?? ??????? ?- MO, ???????
????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? s2p ????????
???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? s2s. ??????
????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???
?????????? ???????????, ???? ????? ?? ?????
??????? ?- MO ??????? ????. ??? ?????????
?????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?- MO
?? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???
??????? ???? ??????? ???????.
17
????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????
?????? ???? http//winter.group.she
f.ac.uk/orbitron/MOs/H2/1s1s-sigma/index.html http
//winter.group.shef.ac.uk/orbitron/MOs/H2/1s1s-si
gma-star/index.html
18
??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????
???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? (bonding
orbital). ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????
????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????-????
(antibonding orbital). ????????? ???? ??????
??????? ??????? .
19
(No Transcript)
20
????? ?????? ????? ????????, ??????? ????????
?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? 2S ?- 2P. ????
?????? ???????? ?? ???????, ?????????? ????????
?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????????
???. ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? 2S ??????
??? ????????? ?????????? s2s ?- s2s, ?????
?????? ????????? 1S. ?????? ??? ???????? Li2
?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????
???? ???????, ???????? ??? ???? ???????, ????????
2S. ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????
??????? ?? ???????? ????? s2s ???? ?????????
????? ???? s2s ??? ??????????. ????
????????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.
21
??? ???????? Be2 ??????
????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?"?
?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????,
???? ???????? Be2 ???? ?????.
22
????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????
?????? ?????? ????? ????????
23
http//winter.group.shef.ac.uk/orbitron/MOs/N2/2pz
2pz-sigma/index.html http//winter.group.shef.ac.
uk/orbitron/MOs/N2/2px2px-pi/index.html
24
???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????
????? ??? ?????? ???? (???????? ?? ???????
?????????????) ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? O2,
F2, Ne2
25
???? ??? ???????? Ne2 ?????? (10-10)/20 ???
???????? F2 ?????? (10-8)/21
26
B2, C2, N2
O2, F2, Ne2
27
?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? NO ?-
-NO. ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????.
NO-
NO
28
????????? ?????????? ????????? ??-???????
????? C2H4
29
HOMO ?- LUMO
???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????
???? HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular
Orbital). ???????? ??????, ???? ???????? ?????
????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????, ???? LUMO
( Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital). ???
????????? ???, ??????? ?? ???????? ?????
(frontier orbitals), ?????? ????? ??????? ??????
?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???? ??
?????? ??????????. ??????? ????? ?????, ??????,
??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????
???????? ?- HOMO ???. ????????? ??? ??????
???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?- LUMO
???. ???? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ???????
???????? ?- HOMO ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????
?- LUMO ?? ?????????? ??????.
30
???? ?? ?? ???????? ?- HOMO ??-LUMO ???? ????????
F2. ???????? ?- HOMO ?? ?????????? ????????
p2px ?- p2p. ??????? ?- LUMO ??? s2pz.
31
????????? ?????????? ?? HF
32
??????? ?- MO ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?- MO
??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????
???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ??????
LiF. ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????
?????????? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ?????????? ??
???????? ?????? 2px ?? ???? ???????. ??????????
??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??
????? ?????? ??????? ?? F. ??????? ?- s ?????
???? ???? ??????? ????????? 2p ?? ?-F, ?? ?????
????? ??? ?????? ?-F, ????? ???? ???? ????
H-F, ??????, ????? ???????.
33
????- ???? "???? ??????" ?? ??????
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
??? ????
??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????
???? ????? http//video.uni-regensburg.de8080/r
amgen/fakultaeten/chemie/org_chemie/demonstratimex
perimente/column_chromatograohy.rm ????, ??????,
????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???
??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????
????. ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????
41
?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????
????? ???????
???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????
??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???,
??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??
???? ????? ??? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????
??????.
42
?????? ????????
???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? (?? ????????
??????? ????? ???? ????? ????) ???? ?????
???????? ??????? ????? ?????? CC ???? ????????
??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????
?? ?? ??????? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ???????
????? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???.
43
??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????
????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????
????- ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ???
????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????
(conjugated molecule). ??????, ???? ????? ?? ???
????? ???? ??????? ????? ???- ?????
???????? ?? ???- ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????
?????? ???????.
44
??????...
45
??????...
????????? ?????????? ????????? ??-???????
????? C2H4
46
?? ????? ???? ????? CC ???????? C2H4, ???? ???
????????? ???????? ???? ???? s ???? ?????????
???????? ???? ???? ?. ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???
????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????.
??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? s. ?? ??? ????
?????? ????? ???? ?- ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??
??? ?- ? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????
????????? ?- ? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???
??? ?????? ????????. ???????? ?- ? ?? ?? ???????
?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????????
?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????
??? ????????? ??. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????
??? ???????? ?- ??
47
CH2CH-CHCH-CHCH-CHCH2
48
????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????
?? ?????
49
????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?- HOMO ???????? ?-
LUMO ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????
???????? ????, ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????
??? ???????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? --gt ?
????, ???? ??? ???.
50
??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????- ????.
??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????. ????
????? ?????- ????? ????.
51
???? ??????
???? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ????
????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ?"? ????
??????, ??? ???? ?????
52
??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????
?????? ?? ????? ????
??? ???????
53
??? ???? ????? ????????
?????? (lycopene) ???? ?????? ????? ??????.
??????? ????? ???? ?- 505nm. ???? ?? ???????
??????? ????? ???? ??????. ?"? ????
??????, ????? ?- 505nm ????? ????? ?????. ????
?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ??????? ??? ????
????? ???
54
(No Transcript)
55
????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???- ??? ???? ???
("????" 2007 .11 .20)
...?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????, ?? ?????
???? ?????? ?? ????. ??????? 50 ?????? ??? ?????
????? ??????? ????? ????, ?? 85 ???? ?????-???.
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????
????? ?????, ????? ??????? ?? ???????
???????????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??
?????-??? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????
???. ??? ?????-??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????
??? ???? ????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ??
????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????
?????? ?????????. ?? ??????? ???????? ?????
?????, ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????
????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????
????? ??????? ?? ?????????, ?????? ???? ??
?????-????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? 33
56
(No Transcript)
57
???????? (chromophore) ??? ???? ?? ??????
???????? ?????/?? ????? ????? ???????/? ????? ??
?????.
???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????
ClO- ???? ??? ? Cl- ???? ??? ??????
58
??????????- ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???
????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ????-
???? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ????? ??
?????? ?- PH. ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????
????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???
???????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ?????????.
????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????,
???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??
???? ??? ????- ????. ?"? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
???????. ????? ??????, ?????? ???????, ???? ?????
????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ?????????
??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????
???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????.
59
(No Transcript)
60
??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????
????? ??????? ????. ??? ???????? ??????? ?????
???? ???????????? (??????) ???? ??????? ??????
??? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ????
????- ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ??????
?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
(??? ?????????,??????/??????/????? ?????? ???')
????? ????????? ???? ???.
61
???? ?????? ????The Four Ages of Sand
http//everything2.com/?node_id1708303
62
????!