CHAPTER 1

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CHAPTER 1A GEOGRAPHERS WORLD
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THE FIVE THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

• Location
• Place
• Human-Environment Interaction
• Movement
• Regions

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LOCATIONWhere are we?

• Absolute Location
• A latitude and longitude (global location) or a
  street address (local location).
• Paris France is 48o North Latitude and 2o East
  Longitude.
• The White House is located at 1600 Pennsylvania
  Ave.

• Relative Location
• Described by landmarks, time, direction or
  distance. From one place to another.
• Go 1 mile west on main street and turn left for 1
  block.

You are Here
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PLACE

• What is it like there, what kind of place is it?

• Human Characteristics
• What are the main languages, customs, and
  beliefs.
• How many people live, work, and visit a place.

• Physical Characteristics
• Landforms (mountains, rivers, etc.), climate,
  vegitation, wildlife, soil, etc.

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HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

• How do humans and the environment affect each
  other?
• We depend on it.
• People depend on the Red River for water and
  transportation.
• We modify it.
• People modify our environment by
• heating and cooling buildings for comfort.
• We adapt to it.
• We adapt to the environment by wearing
• clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and
• winter (coats), rain and shine.

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MOVEMENT

• How are people, goods, ideas moved from place to
  place?
• Human Movement
• Trucks, Trains, Planes
• Information Movement
• Phones, computer (email), mail
• Idea Movement
• How do fads move from place to place?
• TV, Radio, Magazines

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REGIONS

• How are Regions similar to and different from
  other places?
• Formal Regions
• Regions defined by governmental or administrative
  boundaries (States, Countries, Cities)
• Regions defined by similar characteristics (Corn
  Belt, Rocky Mountain region, Chinatown).
• Functional Regions
• Regions defined by a function (newspaper service
  area, cell phone coverage area).
• Vernacular Regions (Not in your book)
• Regions defined by peoples perception (middle
  east, the south, etc.)

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Remembering the 5 themes

• If you cant remembering what they are just ask
  MR. HELP!!!
• M Movement
• R Regions
• HE Human Environment interaction
• L Location
• P - Place

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• IN YOUR SMALL GROUPS, USE THE 5 THEMES OF
  GEOGRAPHY TO DESCRIBE GREENBUSH OR MIDDLE RIVER.
  HOW HAS THIS CONTRIBUTED TO AND PROHIBITED THE
  GROWTH OF THESE TOWNS COMPARED TO MINNEAPOLIS.
• (5 MIN)

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• A. Geographers help in many ways.
• 1. Help provide relief to areas that
• have been affected by disaster.
• a. Use satellite to pinpoint the
  area.
• b. Study the human-environment
• interaction of the people.
• c. Compare to other regions.
• 2. Help preserve the beauty of our world.
• a. Identify causes of rise of land,
  air,
• and water pollution.
• b. Work with other planners to solve
• environmental problems.

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THE WIDE WORLD OF GEOGRAPHY

• A. Branches of geography
• 1. Human - study of how people and
• their activities vary from place to
  place.
• a. Includes political, economic, and
• cultural factors.
• 2. Physical - Study of how the earths
• natural features vary from place to
  place.
• a. Includes the study of plains and
• mountains, weather and climates,
  and
• plants and animals.

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• (We will focus on human geography)
• B. Geography as a profession
• 1. Cartography - Studies maps and
• mapmaking.
• 2. Meteorology - specializes in weather.
• 3. Applied Geography - research, map,
• and analyze environmental data.
• a. Locations for new stores, airline
• routes, find new business
  markets.
• 4. Teaching Geography

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GLOBAL CLIMATES (pg. 27-32)

• A. Many factors affect climate.
• 1. Temperature and precipitation
  differences.
• 2. Continental and maritime location.
• 3. Elevation
• B. Low-latitude climates
• 1. Wet, hot areas that have a
  humid-tropical
• or monsoon climate.
• 2. Located near the equator.
• 3. Have ideal conditions for plant growth.

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• a. Heavy rainfall
• b. Continuous warm temperature
• 4. Tropical-savanna climate just to the
• north and south of the humid-tropical
• climate.
• a. Have a wet and dry climate.
• b. Have more of a season change than
• the humid tropical climate.
• C. Dry Climates
• 1. Two types Arid desert and semiarid
• steppe.

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• 2. Most desert climate areas are centered at
• about 30 degrees north and south of the
• equator.
• a. Very little rainfall and few plants
• b. Largest desert is the Sahara in northern
• Africa.
• 3. Semiarid steppe climate is a transition area
• between the arid deserts and the more
• humid climates.
• a. Area of short grass vegetation with tree
  
• being uncommon. (except by river banks)

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• b. Poor farming practices and
• overgrazing have turned some
• steppes into deserts.
• D. Middle-latitude climates
• 1. Mediterranean Climate
• a. Located between 30 and 40
• degrees latitude.
• b. Confines to the coastal areas of
• southern Europe and the west
• coasts of continents with cool
• ocean currents. (dry summers)

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• 2. Humid-subtropical climate
• a. Found on the eastern side of
• continents with warm ocean currents.
• b. Hot and humid summers, mild winters.
• 3. Marine-west-coast climate
• a. Generally found on the west coasts of
• continents in the upper-middle
  latitudes.
• b. Mild temperatures all year.
• 4. Humid-continental climate
• a. Found in latitudes subject to both warm
• and cold air. (4 distinct seasons)

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• E. High-latitude climates
• 1. Subarctic
• a. Extending across northern North
• America, Europe and Asia.
• b. Long, dark, cold winters, with
• temperatures well below freezing
• for over half the year.
• c. Short summers that can be very
  warm.
• d. Greatest annual temperature ranges
  in
• the world.
• e. Evergreen forests are common.

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• 2. Tundra
• a. Long winters and temperatures above
• freezing only during the short summers.
• b. Vegetation is made up of small, hardy
• plants, such as mosses, lichens ,
  herbs,
• and low shrubs.
• c. Water below the tundra is frozen all
  year
• round (permafrost)
• d. Polar ice-cap climate has cold
• temperatures and snowfall year-round.

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• F. Highland climates
• 1. Variety of climatic characteristics in
  high
• mountain areas because of different
• elevations.
• 2. Climate of lower elevations of a
• mountain similar to the surrounding
  area.

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BIOMES WORLD PLANT REGIONS (pg. 58-60)

• A. Biome - plant and animal community that
• covers a very large land area.
• B. Forest Biome
• 1. Tree-covered
• 2. Supports a great variety of organisms.
• 3. Tropical rain forests are located in the
• humid tropical climate regions.
• 4. Temperate forests are located in the
• middle latitudes.

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• a. Deciduous forest - trees lose their
  leaves
• each season.
• b. Coniferous forests - trees remain green
• year round.
• c. Mixed forest - deciduous and coniferous
• forests blend.
• 5. Boreal forests of mainly coniferous trees are
• located in the subarctic climate regions.
• 6. Mediterranean shrub forests, made up of
• short trees and shrubs, are found along the
• middle-latitude coasts.

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• C. Savanna Biome
• 1. Tropical grass with scattered trees and
  
• shrubs.
• 2. Usually located in areas with distinct
  wet
• and dry seasons.
• 3. Best known for grazing animals and
• predators.
• D. Grassland Biome
• 1. Located between the temperate forests
  and
• the desert biomes.
• 2. Usually lacks tree cover except along
  rivers.

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• 3. Tall grassland (prairies) and
  short-grass
• steppe.
• E. Desert Biome
• 1. Generally found in the desert climate
• region.
• 2. Plants survive by using very little
  water
• or by storing water.
• a. Cactus and sagebrush
• 3. Little moisture means plants grow far
• apart and provide limited food for
• animals.

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• F. Tundra Biome
• 1. Supports little plant growth and is
  treeless.
• 2. During short summers tundra comes alive
• with mosses, lichens and small
  flowering
• plants.
• G. Barren Regions (Antarctica and Greenland)
• 1. Far polar regions snow cover does not
  allow
• plants to grow.
• H. People and the Biosphere.
• IN YOUR SMALL GROUPS DISCUSS WHAT AND HOW A
  BIOSPHERE CAN CHANGE. (3 MIN)

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• 1. All living things are interrelated within
• the biosphere.
• 2. Natural changes are always taking place.
• a. Volcanic eruptions can destroy a whole
• ecosystem.
• b. Global warming
• 3. Human actions can effect a biosphere.
• a. Clearing forest for lumber.
• b. Savanna and deserts are expanding due
• to human activities.

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• POSSIBLE ASSIGNMENTS
• 1. Get an article from the newspaper from
• each of the climate types. Do the
• physical characteristics influence what is
• being reported?
• 2. Collect newspaper articles from each
• country. Each time you get a country
• you can color that country on the map.
• 3. Using a map color the climate types of
• the U.S.
• 4. West wks u1-9 and u1-13
• 5. Recall and Reviewing (1-3) pg. 9
• 6. Thinking Critically (1-2) pg. 9
• 7. Using the 5 Themes (pg. 33)
• 8. Section Review (pg. 7,8,32)