Chapter 11

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Chapter 11 The Civil War
Section Notes
Video
The Civil War
Preparing for War Fighting Erupts The War behind
the Lines The War Continues The Final Phase
Maps
Secession, 18601861 The War in the West,
18611863 The War in the East, 18611863 Three
Days at Gettysburg The Battle for Vicksburg Final
Campaigns, 18641865
History Close-up
The New Weapons of War
Quick Facts
Images
The Generals Causes and Effects of the Civil
War Visual Summary The Civil War
The Civil War African American Union
Soldiers Andersonville Women on the Home Front
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Preparing for War

• The Main Idea
• The attack on Fort Sumter led both the North and
  the South to prepare for war in earnest.
• Reading Focus
• How did the fall of Fort Sumter lead to war?
• Why did many northerners and southerners eagerly
  rush to war?
• Why was the loyalty of the border states
  important, and how did Lincoln obtain it?
• What were the Union and Confederate goals and
  strategies for the war?

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The Fall of Fort Sumter

• Crisis at Fort Sumter
• Commander Robert Anderson sent the message to
  Lincoln that Confederate leaders were demanding
  surrender or would attack.
• Low on supplies, Fort Sumter remained in Union
  hands. The fort was very symbolic to both sides.
• Lincoln would not surrender the fort, but would
  send food and other nonmilitary supplies.
• Jefferson Davis would decide whether to attack
  and go to war or allow the symbol of federal
  authority to remain.
• The attack on the fort
• Davis ordered a surprise attack before the
  supplies could arrive.
• On April 12, 1891, the Confederate artillery
  opened fire on the fort, and an outgunned Fort
  Sumter surrendered the next day.

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The Rush to War

• Response in the North
• Lincoln calls for 7500 volunteers
• 90 days service to put down the rebellion
• Lincolns political enemy Stephen Douglas
  supports the action, There can be no neutrals in
  this war, only patriotsor traitors
• Northerners rush to enlist

• Reaction in the South
• With call for volunteers, the eight remaining
  Union slave states now forced to choose a side
• Union slave states refused to provide troops to
  fight against fellow southerners
• Confederate states ready to call up men
• First Virginia, then Arkansas, Tennessee, and
  North Carolina secede

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The Border States Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland,
Missouri
Maryland criticalWashington, D.C., at risk
surrounded by Confederate territory. Martial law
declared and new elections held to ensure
pro-Union state legislature
Missouri importantstrategic access to the lower
Mississippi River. Divided loyalties but never
enough secessionist support to withdraw from the
Union
Kentucky necessarythe Ohio River border left the
Union open to the threat of invasion. The
governor refused to take sides, but the state
sided with the Union after Confederate troops
invaded in September 1861.
These divided loyalties meant citizens fought on
both sides.
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Goals and Strategies

• Union Goals
• Needed to be carefully defined
• War could not center around the dispute over
  slaveryborder states pushed to secede
• Fight for patriotic reasonsto save the Union

• Confederate Goals
• South wanted to be left alone with slavery
  unchanged
• Prepared to defend themselves against invasion
• Felt northerners would soon tire of war and
  withdraw

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Goals and Strategies

• Larger population more available soldiers
• With more factories, could produce war supplies
• General Winfield Scotts planslowly seal the
  South off from the rest of the worldAnaconda
  plan
• Newspapers pushed On to Richmond, an attack on
  the Confederacy for a quick end to the war.

The Norths Strategy

• Ardent support for the cause made up for lack of
  resources
• Fighting for freedom and their homeland¾ of the
  population did not hold slaves
• They were convinced of their military
  superiority many army officers were southerners.

The Souths Strategy
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Goals and Strategies
Southerners were convinced that France and Great
Britain wanted a guaranteed supply of cotton and
counted on this cotton diplomacy as a
foreign-policy tool.
The Confederacy embargoed cotton to force the
issue of recognition as an independent nation
when the English and French hesitated.
Cotton diplomacy failed for many reasons - The
British resented the attempt at blackmail. -
Southern cotton was stockpiled from the year
before. - Higher prices encouraged other
countries to grow the crop.
Both sides continued to try to gain/block foreign
involvement throughout the conflict.
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Fighting Erupts

• The Main Idea
• Widespread fighting occurred during the first two
  years of the Civil War.
• Reading Focus
• What factors made the major battles in the war so
  bloody?
• How did the Union carry out its strategy in the
  Mississippi Valley?
• What led to the Confederate successes in the war
  in the East?
• Why did the Confederate forces invade the Union,
  and with what result?

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The Major Battles Begin

• Union army not ready to fight
• With 90-day volunteer enlistment nearly over, the
  decision was made to send troops to Manassas
  Junction to attack.
• First Battle of Bull Run
• The chaotic battle ended hope for a short war.
• Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname and
  Confederate infantry charge caused Union troops
  to stampede.
• There were 2,000 Confederate and 2,900 Union
  casualties.
• Results
• Lincoln called for a million more volunteers to
  serve for three years.
• Replaced McDowell with General George McClellan,
  who set about creating a real army out of the
  volunteer force

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The Major Battles Begin

• Top generals on each side trained at West Point.
• Old instructional methods based on infantry and
  cavalry charges, but with new weaponry these
  tactics led to huge casualties
• Increased range and accuracy with bullet-shaped
  ammunition and rifling
• Shrapnel replaced cannonballs, and fragments
  mowed down troops.

Tactics and Technology

• Observation balloons were used to direct
  artillery fire, and camouflage was used to
  disguise tents and guns from view.
• The telegraph allowed for quick communication.
• Railroads were used to move large numbers of
  troops.

New Devices of War
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The Fight for the Mississippi Valley
Ironclads were used by the Union to take the
Mississippi Valley.
Ulysses S. Grant captured Forts Henry and
Donelson, opening the western Confederacy and
leaving the Mississippi River vulnerable to
attack. Grant continued south to the railroad
center of Corinth, Mississippi.
The bloody Battle of Shiloh was a Confederate
loss, but there were over 23,000 total
casualties. Grant realized the Union would be
saved only by complete conquest.
New Orleans fell to Admiral Farragut, and he
continued up the Mississippi River to capture
Baton Rouge and Natchez. Only Vicksburg remained
in Confederate hands.
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The War in the East

• General McClellan
• Hesitant commander with 100,00-man Union army
  designated to attack Richmond
• Fought a series of battles on the peninsula but
  always delayed action
• Lincoln held troops back to defend Washington
• Confederates attacked in a series of clashes, and
  McClellan retreated after four victories in five
  battles.

• 2nd Battle of Bull Run
• Overly cautious McClellan waited outside
  Richmond.
• Lincoln turned to John Pope with his 50,000
  troops in northern Virginia.
• Robert E. Lee lured Pope into battle and defeated
  him.
• Lincoln put McClellan back in command, telling
  his cabinet members, We must use the tools we
  have.
• Smaller Confederate forces more effective and led
  by better commanders

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The Union Is Invaded
Union morale was low after defeats in Virginia
and the Confederates determined to attack on
Union soil, hoping to gain an early peace.

• Battle of Antietam
• McClellan caught up with Lees troops at
  Sharpsburg, Md.
• A savage single day of fighting left 23,000
  dead.
• Lincolns order to destroy the rebel army was
  ignored.
• McClellan allowed the rebels to retreat into
  Virginia.
• He was relieved of command.

• The Battle of Fredericksburg
• Ambrose Burnside named new Union commander
• Marched massive army toward Richmond
• Attacking Confederates head-on left 13,000 Union
  dead.
• The battle was a disaster for the Union.

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The War behind the Lines

• The Main Idea
• The Civil War created hardships, challenges, and
  opportunities for people in the North and the
  South.
• Reading Focus
• How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the
  Civil War?
• How did African Americans contribute to the war
  effort?
• What was life like in the military?
• What similarities and differences existed on the
  home front in the North and South?

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The Emancipation Proclamation

• Attitudes about the war changed with increased
  casualties
• No longer about just saving the Union, the South
  needed to be punished for the bloodshed of the
  war.
• Lincoln convinced to use constitutional power to
  end slavery, denying the South the labor needed
  to continue the war
• Emancipation Proclamation issued on January 1,
  1863
• It freed the slaves in all areas in rebellion
  against the U.S.
• Abolitionists were upset slavery continued in the
  Union.
• Riots broke out with increased competition for
  jobs in the North.
• Supporters felt it would shorten the war.
• Overseas reaction
• The British felt Lincoln should have freed all of
  the slaves.
• With war now about ending slavery, Britain would
  side with the Union.

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African Americans and the War
In the South, African American farm and
plantation labor released white males for the war
effort. Slaves performed many non-combat jobs in
the Confederate army.
Escaped slaves worked for the Union army in
various jobs. They formed Union army regiments in
Louisiana, South Carolina, and Kansas, serving in
segregated units. Initially used for labor and
guard duty, when allowed into battle they fought
heroically. The 54th Massachusetts Infantry was
the most famous unit.
180,000 African Americans served in Union armies,
taking part in 200 battles. More than 38,00 died
serving the Union.
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Life in the Military

• Disease was responsible for most deaths, and
  various epidemics swept through the camps.
• Sanitary Commission worked to improve conditions.

Wartime medicine

• Conditions were poor, tents were crowded, and the
  ground muddy or dusty depending on the weather.
• Camp rations were good, but while on the march
  soldiers relied on hardtack and coffee.

Camp life

• Prisoner exchanges ended in 1863, and both sides
  were guilty of inhumane treatment of prisoners.
• Most notorious campsAndersonville and Elmira

Prison camps
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Life on the Home Front

• Southern Home Front
• Shortages made life difficult.
• There were few factories, and food production
  dropped because of war.
• War was fought on credit, and inflation resulted.
  
• High prices and shortages led to food riots.
• Soldiers deserted to take care of their families.
• Poor men were patriotic, but their families came
  first.

• Confederate Draft
• Needed to maintain the army
• Confederate Congress enacted 1st military draft
  in American historyApril 1862
• Unpopular conscription contradicted states
  rights
• Governors of Georgia and North Carolina tried to
  block the draft.
• Slaveholders were exempted from the draft.
• Some areas were placed under martial law.

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Copperheads and the Union Draft
No shortages, but the Union needed to draft more
soldiers
Union draft law allowed the wealthy to hire
substitutes or pay a 300 feemaking the war a
poor mans fight. Antidraft riots fueled an
existing antiwar movement, called Peace Democrats
by supporters, Copperheads by critics.
Vocal critics who opposed the war, the draft, or
emancipation were arrested and jailed without
trials. This was possible because Lincoln
suspended habeas corpus across the entire
country, saying he was willing to violate the
constitution in order to save the nation.
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Women in the Civil War

• Southern Women
• Spied for the Confederacy
• Took over farms, stores, and plantations
• Worked in the few factories and made ammunition
  for the troops
• Formed societies to make bandages, shirts and
  bedclothes
• Acted as volunteer nurses before Confederate
  Congress passed law allowing them to be hired as
  army nurses

• Northern Women
• Stepped into jobs so men could go fight
• Produced huge amounts of food with the aid of new
  farm equipment
• Female teachers went south to educate former
  slaves after the war
• Became the first women to hold federal clerical
  jobs
• Served in the Union army as nurses and
  volunteered to work in hospitals

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The War Continues

• The Main Idea
• Important fighting occurred in all sections of
  the country as well as at sea.
• Reading Focus
• In what ways was the war at sea an important part
  of the Civil War?
• What were each sides goals in the West and how
  were events there influenced by the rest of the
  war?
• What three major battles took place in 1863, and
  why was each important?
• Why was the fighting around Chattanooga,
  Tennessee, important to the outcome of the war?

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The Civil War at Sea

• Boats built for speed that brought cotton out and
  silk, soap, pepper, and other goods into the
  Confederacy

Blockade Runners

• Confederates hoped to destroy the Union blockade
  with a captured Union ironclad ship, the
  Merrimack, rebuilt and renamed the Virginia.
• Union attacked with new vessel, the Monitor. The
  first battle between ironclads had no winner, but
  it changed naval warfare.

The Monitor and the Merrimac

• Confederates used unconventional tactics to
  combat stronger Union navy.
• Had 29 commerce raider ships roaming the oceans,
  successfully attacking Union merchant ships and
  disrupting the Norths foreign trade

Confederate Raiders
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The War in the West

• California and the territories
• Kansas was admitted as a free state in 1861, and
  six more western territories were added. Lincoln
  appointed pro-Union officials to head the
  governments.
• The draft was not enforced in the West, but
  California supplied volunteers and territorial
  mines provided vast amounts of gold and silver.
• The Battle of Glorieta Pass secured the west for
  the Union.
• Native Americans and the war
• War divided the Cherokee and the other nations
  over the issues of loyalty and slavery, and they
  fought on both sides.
• Cherokee leader Stand Watie was the last
  Confederate general to surrender at wars end.

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Three Major Battles

• Battle of Chancellorsville
• General Joseph Hooker was in command of Union
  army.
• Lee sent Stonewall Jackson in a surprise attack,
  nearly destroying the Union army on the first
  day.
• Battle was General Lees greatest victory,
  defeating a force twice its size. Lee determined
  to invade the North again, hoping a victory there
  would end the war.
• Lee marched north, and Lincoln replaced Hooker
  with General George Meade.
• Confederates on the lookout for a rumored shoe
  supply skirmished with Union cavalry.
• Both sides rushed troops to Gettysburg,
  Pennsylvania.

• The Battle of Gettysburg
• Overconfident after his great victory, Lee pushed
  his troops into battle here against the advice of
  James Longstreet.
• Half the men in Picketts Charge perished, and
  Lee finally gave up the fight and retreated back
  to Virginia.
• The Siege of Vicksburg
• General Grant began the Union siege of Vicksburg
  in May 1863.
• With constant shelling of the city, citizens were
  forced to dig into hillsides to try to escape the
  barrage.
• After forty-eight days, the city surrendered.
  Four days later the last Confederate fort on the
  Mississippi surrendered as well.

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The Chattanooga Campaign
The string of Confederate losses ended with
Braxton Braggs victory at the Battle of
Chickamauga. But the retreating Union army
discovered the road to Chattanooga had been left
unprotected, and they fled to the city.
Bragg pursued, but the Union soldiers were ready
to defend the city. Confederate troops prepared
to starve them out.
Grant arrived and opened a supply line to feed
the trapped Union troops. The siege ended, and
the Union won the two battles that followed. This
gave the Union control of the railroad center at
Chattanooga and would allow Grant access to
Georgia, the heart of the Lower South.
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The Final Phase

• The Main Idea
• Southerners continued to hope for victory in
  1864, but military and political events caused
  those hopes to fade.
• Reading Focus
• What tactics did Grant use against Lee to change
  the course of the war?
• How did the election of 1864 affect Confederate
  hopes for victory in the Civil War?
• How did the actions of Sherman and Grant help
  bring the war to an end?

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Grant versus Lee

• General Ulysses S. Grant
• Lincoln gave him command of Union armies in March
  1864, and Grant made William Tecumseh Sherman
  commander on the western front of the war.
• Grant wanted to take advantage of the Confederate
  shortages of men and supplies to end the war
  before the November election.
• Ordered Sherman to get into the interior of the
  enemys country as far as you can and inflict all
  the damage you can against their war resources
• General Robert E. Lee
• South could not win the war, but a new president
  might accept southern independence in return for
  peace.
• Lee planned to make the cost of fighting so high
  for the North that Lincoln would lose the
  upcoming election.

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Fierce Fighting
Grant kept his troops on the attack, winning the
Battle of the Wilderness and pushing south. The
Battle of Spotsylvania cost many casualties on
both sides, but Grant continued toward Richmond.
Wilderness and Spotsylvania
During the Battle of Cold Harbor men pinned their
names and addresses on uniforms for
identification. With this loss and after failing
to capture the rail center at Petersburg, Grant
began a siege of that city to put pressure on
Richmond.
Cold Harbor and Petersburg
Meanwhile, Sherman won the Battle of Atlanta and
laid siege to Atlantas defenses. He took the
city after closing down the last railroad line,
one month before the Union presidential elections.
Sherman on the move
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Confederate Hopes Fade
Democrats nominated George McClellan and adopted
a party platform calling for an immediate end to
the war.
Southerners found new hope, but the Republicans
tried to broaden Lincolns appeal by picking
Tennessees Andrew Johnson for the ticket.
Lincoln expected to lose the election.
Shermans capture of Atlanta allowed Lincoln to
easily defeat McClellan. Congress passed the 13th
Amendment ending slavery, and the war seemed
nearly over to all but die-hard secessionists.
Lincoln announced his intention to be forgiving,
but the bloody war continued.
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The War Comes to an End

• Shermans March
• After the election, Sherman marched across
  Georgia in what came to be known as the March to
  the Sea.
• Sherman cut a swath of destruction 300 miles long
  and 5060 miles wide.
• After taking Savannah, Sherman turned north
  through South Carolina, destroying civilian
  property all along the way.

• The fall of Richmond
• Lee only had 35,000 defenders at Petersburg, and
  they were low on supplies.
• Grant decided not to wait for Shermans troops.
• Instead, he broke through Lees defenses at
  Petersburg and went on to take Richmond.
• Lee tried to escape with his few remaining
  troops, but Grant blocked their way.

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Surrender at Appomattox

• Lee and Grant
• With Union forces surrounding them, Lee decided
  to surrender.
• Grant presented the terms of the surrender to
  Lee. Extremely generous for such a bloody
  conflict, Lees troops merely had to turn over
  their weapons and leave.
• Grant announced, The war is over. The rebels are
  our countrymen again.

• The war is over
• News of Lees surrender brought joyful
  celebrations in the north.
• Lincoln requested Dixie be played at the White
  House.
• The last of the Confederate forces surrendered on
  May 26, 1865.
• Sadly, President Lincoln would not live to see
  the official end of the war.

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