Review

1
Review

• 1789-1900

2
Federalist Era

• President George Washington, no party,
  1789-1797
• Washington opposed parties - divisive
• Alexander Hamilton supported local industry
  through subsidies tax support
• Excise tax, on distillers, tariffs, to finance
  industry
• Jefferson et al opposed Hamilton benefit a few
  at expense of many (farmers)
• Beginning of struggle between big govt .v.
  small govt
• Strict interpretation .v. loose interpretation
• Judiciary Act, 1789, created Supreme Court
• Whiskey Rebellion, 1794
• French Revolution

3
John Adams, Federalist, 1797-1801

• Jefferson, V-P
• XYZ Affair, 1798
• Alien Sedition Acts
• Kentucky Virginia Resolutions
• Packing the Judiciary Midnight Judges

4
Thomas Jefferson, Republican, 1802-1809

• Dream of a nation of yeoman farmers
• Minimum role for federal governmentt
• Marbury .v. Madison Supreme Court has judicial
  review over federal legislation
• Marshall Court will be influential for decades
  to come
• Louisiana Purchase, 1803
• Lewis Clark expedition, 1804-05
• Aaron Burr secession ? take Mexico, estab new
  nation - treason ?
• Barbary War pirates in Mediterranean
• Conflict between France Britain tension w/ US
  (impressments, interference w/ freedom of the
  seas, i.e. trade)
• Embargo, 1807

5
James Madison, Republican, 1809-1817

• War of 1812
• failed attack on Canada
• Andrew Jackson (Indians New Orleans)
• British burn White House
• Hartford Convention
• Era of Good Feelings (1812-1819) unity,
  prosperity short lived
• Protective Tariff, 1816

6
James Monroe, Republican, 1817-1823

• High foreign demand for cotton, grain, tobacco
• Recession of 1819 (worse in West)
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCullough v. MD
  (1819)
• Missouri Compromise, 1820
• Expansion of West
• Transportation revolution (steamboat, canals,
  national highway)
• Cotton Kingdom
• Urbanization (Erie Canal NYC)
• Industrialization
• Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• Nationalism in culture Noah Webster,
  Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper
• 2nd Great Awakening (begins 1801, Ky, continues
  into 1830s)

7
Jacksonian Democracy (1828-1836)

• 1824 the corrupt bargain election (JQ Adams
  Clay rob Jackson)
• Jackson represents the common man.
• Jackson expands suffrage, so the common man can
  vote Jacksonian Democracy.
• De Tocqueville, Democracy in America.
• Jackson uses the veto and establishes
  Presidential authority over Congress.
• Jackson defies the Supreme Court by Indian
  Removal Act, 1830 (Cherokees Worcester .v.
  Georgia), Trail of Tears results.
• Jackson fights a running battle with Henry Clay
  and his American System.
• Whigs (Clay Webster) v. Democrats (Jackson
  Van Buren) 2 party system becomes established.

8
Jacksonian Democracy (1828-1836)

• Jackson stands for small govt, but NOT for
  nullification (remember, Jackson is President and
  nullification or secession reduces the power of
  the feds.
• John C. Calhoun is influential as South-North
  disputes blow up over slavery, tariffs, BUS,
  federally funded internal improvements.
• Tariff of Abominations (1828 is slavery the
  real issue?), SC nullifies the tariff, Jackson
  responds with the Force Bill (1833) and SC backs
  down. Civil War is averted for a few more years.
• Webster Hayne Debate, 1830 (Senate, Webster
  makes stirring speech about the union being one
  and inseperable again, its the nullification
  / secession issue).
• Jackson fights Nicholas Biddle to destroy the
  BUS.
• Jackson declares the US neutral, but assists
  Texas break free from Mexico (1836)

9
Slavery Issue

• Missouri Compromise (1820)
• Abolitionists active (Wm Lloyd Garrison, 1831,
  The Liberator)
• States rights right to have slaves
• Therefore the whole nullification / secession
  thing is really about slavery.
• Manifest Destiny Louisiana Purchase Texas
  Mexican Land slavery is issue in each
• Free Soil Party
• Slave revolts (Nat Turner, Denmark Vesey)
• Underground Railroad (Harriet Tubman)
• Wilmot Proviso

10
Social Issues

• Transcendentalists (Thoreau, Emerson)
• Utopian movements everywhere, inspired by
  Romanticism
• Beginning of Temperance Movement
• Feminism movement Seneca Falls, 1848
• Prison reform
• 2nd Great Awakening (began 1801, but took off in
  1831)

11
Demographics

• Population moving west rapidly
• East becoming less significant
• Canals railroads national roads assist
  westward movement
• Immigration from Britain, Germany, Ireland
• Cities growing, as are health issues in cities
• Mormon migration westward (1846, Great Salt Lake)

12
Foreign Policy

• Mainly having to do with contiguous territory
• Obviously foreign policy is driven by Manifest
  Destiny idea (term coined in 1844)
• Texan independence (1836), Canada
  (Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842), Oregon Treaty
  (1846), Mexican War (1846)

13
Industrialization

• Growth of cities as a result
• Lowell System of employment in NE
• Tariffs to protect American industry (Clays Am.
  System)

14
Economic Issues

• Panic of 1837

15
Sectional Conflict Causes of Civil War, 1850-60
Politics

• Growing concerns and disputes regarding slavery
• Wilmot Proviso, 1846 (re. Mexican Cession land).
• Free Soil Party, 1848 1852
• Abolitionists, Underground Railroad
• 1850 Compromise (Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Douglas)
• N. got California slave trade abolished in DC
• Popular Sovereignty in rest of Mexican Cession
  land
• S. got tougher Fugitive Slave Law Texas debt
  paid by feds
• Wm Seward a higher law than the Constitution
• National joy that a Compromise had been reached
• Joy was short-lived

16
Sectional Conflict Causes of Civil War, 1850-60
Politics

• Uncle Toms Cabin whipped up the slavery issue
  H.B. Stowes response to Fug Slave Law
• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 (Douglas)
• popular sovereignty
• trans-continental railroad
• repealed Missouri Compromise
• Bleeding Kansas (Free Soilers, John Brown), 1856
• Preston Brooks canes Charles Sumner, 1856
• Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
• Chief Justice, Roger B. Taney, Md.
• Delivered extreme Southern position on slavery
  issue
• North outraged (refused to accept decision)
• Lincoln - Douglas Debates, 1858
• Lincoln slavery should be extended
• Douglas popular sovereignty
• Freeport Doctrine Douglas defied Dred Scott
  ruling

17
Sectional Conflict Causes of Civil War,
1850-60 Politics

• Decline of the 2 party system (split by slavery
  issue also by nativism Know Nothing Party
  took votes from Whigs) tougher to deal with
  slavery when there is no opposition party to
  support
• Growth of Republican Party (Lincoln) to replace
  Whigs result of opposition to Kansas-Nebraska
  Act. Ran Millard Fillmore in 1856 (lost)
• Democrats split into North South.
• John Browns Raid, Harpers Ferry, 1859
• South convinced that all North was fanatically
  anti-slavery
• Hinton Rowan Helpers book The Impending Crisis
  in the South
• argued that slavery was economically harmful to
  South
• South outraged
• Fear that poor whites in South would turn against
  slavery
• Election of Abraham Lincoln, 1860
• Crittenden Compromise, 1860 - failed

18
Presidents

• General Zachary Taylor, Whig, 1848-50 (died)
  Millard Fillmore, 1850-52
• Franklin Pierce, Democrat, 1852-56
• James Buchanan, Democrat, 1856-60
• Abraham Lincoln, Republican, 1860

19
Economics

• Growth and prosperity
• Tremendous growth of railroads national market
  big business
• Steamboat trade inland, clipper ships at sea
  tremendous trade
• Textile industries booming in NE (inventions)
• South profiting due to cotton sales King Cotton
  slave labor the key
• Free labor in North expensive incentive to
  use machines
• Agriculture shifting to Midwest (grain,
  livestock) railroads help
• Cyrus McCormick, mechanical reaper thresher
• Panic of 1857 (over-speculation, bad banking
  practices, Crimean War cut European investments
  to US)

20
Foreign Policy

• Commodore Perry pressures Japan to trade, 1853
• Westward expansion tried to annex Hawaii
  Gadsden Purchase 1853 (for transcontinental
  railroad) tried to buy Cuba

21
Civil War, 1861-65

• Numerous causes, but SLAVERY the most obvious.
• Desire of South to secede is the catalyst. North
  says secession is unconstitutional.
• North claims it is fighting to preserve the
  Union. Emancipating slaves wont become a war
  goal until 1863.
• South opens fire on N. troops at Fort Sumter,
  Charleston harbor, SC, April 12, 1861.
• North has numerous advantages greater wealth to
  finance war, 3-to-1 population advantage (plus
  new immigrants during war), industrial might,
  superior transportation /railway network,
  superior navy which can partially blockade South,
  and astute President in Lincoln.
• South has advantage of superior military leaders
  (Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee, Johnston).
  North is hampered for first couple of years by
  timid or aged generals (McDowell, McClellan,
  Winfield Scott). Later promote younger more
  determined generals such as U.S. Grant, Sherman,
  Sheridan.
• South is physically large, thus difficult for
  North to conquer.
• Souths President, Jefferson Davis, proved
  indecisive.
• Much of fighting conducted in South, giving
  advantage to South of knowing the terrain, and
  having friendly civilians.
• Souths population is one-third slave (cant use
  in army, cant trust not to rebel).

22
Strategy

• North wants to capture Souths capital, Richmond,
  Va., Southern capital.
• 2 Battles of Bull Run. South successful, but
  both armies raw poorly trained.
• Peninsula Campaign to capture Richmond. (Spring,
  1862, McClellan loses his nerve, and retreats).
• North wants to starve the South hence naval
  blockade (Anaconda Plan). But coastline too long
  to adequately blockade.
• North wants to split South in 2, along the
  Mississippi R., thus dividing and conquering.
  Need to capture New Orleans (April 1862).
• Meanwhile, Western campaign, Tennessee. Battle of
  Shiloh. US Grant first noticed here.
• Northern diplomacy. Stop South being recognized
  by Britain or France. South hoped that cotton
  would lure allies. It didnt. Slavery was a
  stronger issue, and neither Br nor France would
  support the institution of slavery.
• Naval battles ? Ironclads. Virginia (South)
  fights Monitor (North), May 1862. Stalemate.
  Finish.
• Lee invades the Pennsylvania, to relieve pressure
  on Richmond. Lees army meets Meades Army of
  the Potomac at Gettysburg, July 1863. Decisive
  battle, bloodiest of the entire war. Lee is
  defeated, but Meade allows Lee to escape back to
  Virginia.
• Grant captures Vicksburg, Mississippi, July,
  1863, thus giving North control of entire Miss.
  R. South cut in two.
• 1864, Grant sends Sherman to capture Atlanta,
  Ga., while Grant himself leads Army of Potomac on
  another assault on Richmond.
• Sherman takes Atlanta, then marches to the sea at
  Savannah, cutting a swath of destruction (Dec.
  1864).
• Lee forced to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse,
  Va., April 9, 1865.
• Lincoln assassinated, April 14, 1865, in
  Washington D.C.

23
Homefront

• Public morale hard to maintain in North.
• Copperheads were Southern supporters in North.
• Conscription in North, 1863, caused discontent.
• Draft-dodging and desertion problems in N. and S.
• High tariffs income tax (constitutional) in
  North to pay for war.
• Greenbacks issued by feds. South issued their
  own paper money. Inflation.
• Scarcity of food, and men, in South.
• Lincoln suspended habeas corpus. Stretched his
  Constitutional powers to the limit, and beyond.
• Davis (in South) met opposition from state
  governors who wanted to keep states rights, and
  who saw Richmond as a threat to their liberty.
• Emancipation Proclamation from Lincoln, 1
  January, 1863. Gave North the moral high ground.
  Desperation from Lincoln ? Waited until after
  victory at Battle of Antietam. No Proclamation
  earlier in war for fear of upsetting Border
  states, who could have swung their allegiance to
  South.
• Northern public tired of war and continuing
  casualties. Low morale.
• 1864 Election in North. Lincoln re-elected with
  V-P Andrew Johnson (Tennessee). Sherman captures
  Atlanta, lifts Northern spirits, gives big boost
  to Lincoln. McClellan runs for Democrats,
  calling for a negotiated peace with South.

24
The Gilded Age Politics

• Period of Republican Party supremacy
• President 1868-1876, Ulysses S Grant- good
  soldier, not a great president.
• Waving the bloody shirt reviving glorified
  memories from war, and reminding the electorate
  as to who was the enemy.
• Corruption an embarrassingly large number of
  Grants cabinet members were guilty of
  corruption. Did Grant know, or was he out of
  touch with reality ?
• Horace Greeley (influential NY editor) first
  Republican, then switched to Democrats.
  Republicans re-nominated Grant.
• Election of 1876
• R Hayes, D Tilden, 19 contested states, FL,
  LA and SC all sent in 2 sets of ballots, one
  Republican and one Democrat. Constitutional
  crises, who counts the ballots, House under D
  control Senate under R control , which ever one
  counted would favor in the interests of their
  party.
• Compromise of 1877 set up an electoral count act
  and an electoral commission to count the votes.
  D accepted Republican returns and in return
  Federal troops removed from SC LA.

25
The Gilded Age Social Issues

• U.S moral stature was in question, bred waste,
  extravagance, speculation graft.
• Because of compromise of 1877 black rights
  suffered, federal troops were gone, southern
  states added literacy requirements, voter
  registration laws and poll taxes, blacks can no
  longer vote.
• 1880 California has 75,000 Asian newcomers, 9 of
  pop, racism against Chinese. Irish especially
  racist, lead by Denis Kearney resented
  competition of cheap labor. 1879, Congress said
  no more Chinese laborers in the country.

26
The Gilded Age Economic Issues

• Paralyzing economic depression, 1873, based on
  over-speculation, huge inflation, problems with
  silver, no more silver being sold to treasury to
  mint, then silver production goes up, people now
  want silver dollars
• Bland-Allison Act, states the treasury will buy
  2 4 million worth of silver a month.
• Basic economic agreement between Democrats and
  Republicans.

27
Corruption

• Jay Gould Jim Fisk two millionaires tried to
  corner gold market, 1869, day named black Friday
  tried dive the gold price up the wall, treasury
  compelled to release gold, this was unexpected to
  the con artists.
• Tweed ring NYC mayor Boss Tweed, cheated the
  books pocketed much of the cities money. Thomas
  Nast NYT cartoonist exposed Tweed. Samuel L
  Tilden, was prosecutor for case.
• Credit Mobilier scandal, hired to build, union
  pacific railway, hired themselves to do the job
  made extra 20,000 per mile of track laid.