Feeding Swine

1
Selenium (Se)

• Only nutrient whose level is controlled by FDA
• Has smallest optimal range
• (difference between requirement and toxicity)
• Toxicity can be a regional problem in Montana

2
Selenium (Se)

• There are Se accumulating plants
• Can be indicators of toxicity
• Can result in acute toxicity sudden death
• Astragalus species (locoweed)
• Vetches
• Some native range plants

3
Selenium (Se) Toxicity

• Originally called Alkali disease
• Chronic toxicity
• Affects keratin of hair/hooves
• Rough hair coat
• Bobbed tail
• Sloughed hooves
• Affects adult animals

4
Se Deficiency

• Se deficiencies that affect young animals
• Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy
• White Muscle Disease
• Affects ability to stand and nurse

5
Se Deficiency

• In reproductive females
• Retained placenta
• Decreased fertility

6
Iodine (I)

• Not high in feeds
• Therefore we use Iodized salt
• (even for humans)
• Regional deficiency Great Lakes, Montana

7
Iodine Deficiency

• At any age Goiter
• Enlargement of thyroid gland
• Thyroxine contains Iodine
• In reproductive females stillbirths
• Weak, hairless young

8
Mn Deficiency

• Symptoms
• Lameness
• Abnormal bone growth
• Immune dysfunction

9
Mn Deficiency

• In reproductive females
• Delayed estrus
• Reduced ovulation
• Embryonic mortality
• Decreased fertility

10
Cobalt (Co)

• Required for rumen microbes to synthesize Vitamin
  B12
• Part of Vit. B12s chemical structure

11
Cobalt (Co)

• Deficiency regional grazing

12
Wasting Disease (Co deficiency)

• First discovered in Australia
• Australia extreme emaciation
• Because Vit B12 important in energy metabolism

13
Wasting Disease (Co deficiency)

• To cure
• Cobalt must be provided to rumen
• Injection of Co wont work
• (because Co needed in rumen to synthesize Vit.
  B12)
• Injection of Vitamin B12 will work

14
Organic Minerals

• Chelated
• Attached to amino acids
• Proteinated
• Attached to peptides
• Complexed
• Attached to other organic compounds

15
Organic Minerals

• Usually Zn, Cu, Mn, Co are included in organic
  form
• Hypothesis Increased availability

16
Example feed tag containing organic minerals
17
Organic Minerals

• Are they effective?
• Conflicting research results
• Positive results with animals that are
• High producing
• Stressed
• Immune-compromised

18
Organic Minerals

• Organic forms are more expensive than sulfates,
  chlorides, etc.
• Therefore, they must be cost effective

19
Organic Minerals

• Recommendation for organic mineral use
• If high S, Fe and/or Mo (antagonists)

20
Organic Minerals

• Recommendation
• If problems occur such as
• Calf/lamb scours
• Increased reproductive failure
• Change in hair color
• Increased foot rot
• Increased respiratory infections

21
Organic Minerals

• Due to cost, recommendation is
• 70 inorganic 30 organic
• Supplementation during strategic (stressful)
  times
• Cows prior to calving through breeding
• Ewes prior to lambing, during breeding
• Calves/lambs prior to weaning