Environmental Science

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Environmental Science
Name Hour Date

• Chapter 3 Lecture Notes
• The Dynamic Earth

2
Chapter 3 Targets

1. I can describe the composition and structure of
   the 4 parts of the .
2. I can define .
3. I can describe how cause erosion and alter
   the Earths surface.

3
The Earth as a System

• The Earth is a system made of rock, air, water,
  and living things all interacting with each
  other.
• Scientists divide this system into four parts
• The (rock)
• The (air)
• The (water)
• The (living things)

T1
4
The Earth as a System

• Geosphere mostly solid, rocky part of Earth
  extending from of the core to the crusts
  surface.
• Atmosphere mixture of making up air we
  breathe.
• Hydrosphere on or near Earths
  surface.
• Much is in oceans, nearly .
• found in atmosphere, on land, and in soil.

T1
5
The Earth as a System

• Biosphere part of Earth where life exists.
• thin layer at Earths surface extending above
  Earths surface down to bottom of ocean.
• made up of parts of geosphere, atmosphere, and
  hydrosphere.

T1
6
Erosion

• Erosion process in which are loosened,
  dissolved, or worn away and transported from one
  place to another by a natural agent, such as
  wind, water, ice or gravity.
• Wears down rocks and makes them smoother as
  times passes.
• Older mountains are smoother than younger ones.

T2
7
Water Wind Erosion

• Water Erosion by both and
• Waves from ocean storms erode coastlines to make
  a variety of landforms.
• Over time, rivers carve deep gorges into the
  landscape.
• Wind can also of planet.
• Where few plants grow, such as beaches and
  deserts, wind blows soil away very quickly.
• Soft rocks, such as sandstone, erode more easily
  than hard rocks, such as granite.

T3
8
Chapter 3 Targets

1. I can describe the of the Earths atmosphere.
2. I can describe the of the Earths atmosphere.
3. I can explain three mechanisms of in
   Earths atmosphere.
4. I can explain the .
5. I can explain the difference between the
   and

9
The Atmosphere

• Atmosphere mixture of gases .
• Earths atmosphere contains 3 main gases
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Gases are added and removed from the atmosphere
  through . Think of 3 examples how this
  happens.

T4
10
The Atmosphere

• Volcanic eruptions also to atmosphere.
• The atmosphere Earths surface
• slows rate at which Earths surface loses heat
• keeps Earth temperature at which living things
  can

T4
11
Composition of the Atmosphere

• makes up 78 of Earths atmosphere
• Enters atmosphere when
• volcanoes erupt
• dead plants and animals decay.
• is second main gas in atmosphere, mainly
  produced by plants.
• The atmosphere many types of tiny, solid
  particles, or atmospheric dust (particulates).
• such as carbon dioxide, argon, methane, and
  water vapor make up rest of the atmosphere.

T4
12
Layers of the Atmosphere

• Atmosphere is divided into 4 layers based on
  temperatures and distance from Earth
• The
• The
• The
• The

T5
13
The Troposphere Stratosphere

• Troposphere lowest layer where temperature drops
  as altitude increases.
• Part of atmosphere where conditions exist.
• Stratosphere lies above troposphere
• Almost all (gas molecule made of 3 oxygen
  atoms) is concentrated here
• Because ozone , it reduces amount of UV
  radiation that reaches Earth
• UV radiation that reaches Earth can damage living
  cells.

T5
14
The Mesosphere Thermosphere

• Mesosphere layer above stratosphere
• layer of atmosphere where temperatures have
  been measured as low as 93ºC.
• Thermosphere atmospheric layer located from
  Earths surface
• Nitrogen and oxygen absorb solar radiation
  resulting in temperatures measuring above 2,000
  ºC.

T5
15
Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

• energy transferred as electromagnetic
  waves, such as visible light and infrared waves.
• transfer of energy as heat through a
  material.
• movement of matter due to differences in
  density that are caused by temperature variations
  an can result in the transfer of energy as heat.

T6
16
Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
T6
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The Greenhouse Effect

• Greenhouse effect warming of of Earth
• occurs when carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor
  and nitrous oxides in the air absorb and
  infrared radiation.
• Without the greenhouse effect, Earth would be
  for life to exist.

T7
18
The Greenhouse Effect vs. Global Warming

• Greenhouse Gases gases in atmosphere that trap
  and radiate heat
• Most abundant greenhouse gases are water vapor,
  carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
• Amount of carbon dioxide and methane in
  atmosphere vary because of natural and industrial
  processes.
• Global Warming

T8
19
Chapter 3 Targets

• 9. I can name the major processes in the
  cycle.

20
The Water Cycle

• Water cycle constant from ocean to
  atmosphere to land and back to ocean.
• Evaporation change of a substance from
  .
• Water continually evaporates from Earths oceans,
  lakes, streams, and soil, but most evaporates
  from oceans.
• Condensation change of state from a .
• Precipitation any form of water to Earths
  surface from clouds. Includes rain, snow, sleet,
  hail.
• Transpiration process where of plants.

T9
21
Comprehension Check

• Q What is the difference between evaporation
  and condensation?
• Evaporation is the first stage of the water
  cycle condensation is the last stage.
• Evaporation is the change from water to vapor
  condensation is the change from vapor to water.
• Evaporation is the process where water is heated
  by the sea condensation is the process where
  water droplets fall from clouds.
• Evaporation is the process where water vapor
  forms droplets condensation is the process where
  water vapor forms clouds.