Reintegrating the South

1
Reintegrating the South

• Problem 1Determine the role of the freedmen

2

• Problem 2Define the role and acceptable power
  of former Confederates within their states and
  within the nation

3

• Problem 3
• Determine which branch of government would be
  responsible for overseeing reconstruction

4
3 Plans for Reconstruction

• Lincolns Plan (10)
• Johnsons Plan
• Congress Plan (Congressional Reconstruction or
  Radical Reconstruction)

5
Plans for Reconstruction

• Lincolns Plan
• ..Also called the 10 plan!

6
Lincolns Plan

1. Required 10 of white men to swear allegiance
   (loyalty) to the constitution and the Union.
2. Plan included the emancipation of slaves

7
Lincolns Plan, cont.

1. Former Confederates can run local governments
2. 10 agreement allowed full participation in the
   Union

8
Lincolns Plan - PROBLEMS

• Republicans in Congress felt this plan was way
  too kind!
• HE DID NOT PUNISH THE REBELS!FELT LINCOLN WAS
  TOO EASY ON SOUTH

9
Lincolns Plan - PROBLEMS

• No role for freed men identified

• No guarantee of rights or future rights

10
Lincolns Plan is Never Implemented!

• April 1865 -Lincoln assassinated
• 13th amendment officially ends slavery in all of
  the United States

11

• Andrew Johnson, (Southern Democrat, former slave
  owner) administered his own new policy.

President!
12
Johnsons Plan

1. Forgives Confederates as long as they sign a
   loyalty oath.
2. States must write a new state constitution.
3. New state governments must be elected. Allows
   former Confederates to serve in office.

13
Johnsons Plan

1. States must ratify 13th Amend., but Freedmen
   cant vote.
2. Act of Secession must be repealed.
3. War debts must be cancelled.

14
Johnsons Plan - PROBLEMS

• MORE generous to the South then Lincolns
  proposed plan!
• Forgiveness/Amnesty awarded to certain
  Southerners
• Election process was flawed (blacks were excluded
  from voting)

15
Johnsons Presidency

• He lacked
• Mandate to govern
• Support of Congress
• Also was anti-civil rights

Would not support 13th Amendment
16
Consider This . . .

• Who are not considered in the two plans?
• What will the freedmen do?
• How did the freedmens lives change?

17
Descriptions of Plans

• Radical extreme in their beliefs
• Moderates mainstream views of the political
  party, not extreme at allWe had moderate plans
  for reconstruction (Lincoln Johnson), but now
  they change to the RADICAL version called . . .

18
Radical Reconstruction

• Congress bypassed President Johnson and enacted
  the
• Reconstruction Act of 1867
• -passed by Radical Republicans
• -state govts were declared illegal

1. Divided South into 5 military districts
19
Radical Reconstruction cont.

• To rejoin the Union
• 2. States must adopt a new constitution allowing
  Freedmen, but not former Confederates the right
  to vote.
• 3. Elect a new state government, but no former
  Confederates can serve.
• 4. New state legislatures must ratify the 14th
  Amendment.

20
Civil War Amendments

• 13th Amendment
• Unlike the Emancipation Proclamation, this change
  to the Constitution ends ALL slavery in the
  United States

21

• Declared former slaves CITIZENS
• Provides equal rights for ALL CITIZENS
• Counted and represented as CITIZENS
• Prevents former Confederates from holding office

22
15th Amendment

• Election of 1870 many angry white southerners
  refused to (or couldnt) vote
• More than 600 African Americans were elected to
  southern legislatures and 16 black men were
  elected to Congress

23
Impeachment!

• Congressional power growing
• Johnson fires Sec. of War
• -The House votes to impeach Johnson

(to accuse of wrongdoing and bring to
trial) -President escapes removal by only 1 vote
24
The End of Reconstruction

• Why did Reconstruction efforts finally end?
• Heavy taxes
• Corruption
• Lack of northern support for racial equality
• The Solid South Southern Democrats reversed
  many of the reforms

25
The Compromise of 1877

• Samuel Tilden wins popular vote a dispute over
  electoral votes
• The Democrats agree to give Rutherford B. Hayes
  the presidency in return for the removal of all
  federal troops from the Southern States
• Hayes removal of troops from the south is
  regarded as
• the end of reconstruction!

26
One last thing . . .

• Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but Equal
• In 1896 the Supreme Court ruled against Homer
  Plessy sayingsegregation was legalas long as
  separatefacilities were equal.
• Leads to the Jim Crowlaws!

27
How successful was Reconstruction?