The Kingdoms of Europe

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The Kingdoms of Europe

• The Rise of the nation states of Europe.

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The tale of Two Kingdoms

• During the late Middle Ages, the power of the
  local nobles declined.
• The Kings of England and France in an effort to
  increase their own political power competed with
  both the local nobles and the Roman Catholic
  Church.
• Each kingdom (France England) found a different
  solution to the question of who was to rule (make
  decisions).

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England

• After the death of Angelo Saxon King Edward, his
  brother in law was selected to succeed him as
  King of England. However, Duke William of
  Normandy also claimed the throne.
• After he invaded and conquered England, he became
  king and won the name William the Conqueror.

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Henry II COMMOM LAW

• Henry II, a successor of William the Conqueror
  established Common Law
• Law that was the same for all people regardless
  of class or position (except for the king of
  course).
• Sent out traveling justices to enforce laws
• Developed the jury system.

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The Magna Carta/ Great Council

• During the 12th century the Kings of England
  sought to increase their political power further
  but the nobles resisted. The nobles rebelled
  against King John of England and forced him to
  sign the MAGNA CARTA (long letter)

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The MAGNA CARTA

• Required the monarch to obey the laws and
  established a Great Council made up of lords and
  clergy.
• Prevented the king from raising taxes without
  consulting the Great Council.
• During the 1200s the Great Council evolved into a
  representative body called Parliament.

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France

• Hugh Carpet became king in 987. The local nobles
  did not object to him because as king he had
  little political power
• His heirs the Carpetians established heredity
  succession to the French throne and began to
  challenge the authority of the local nobles.
• The nobles established a weak representative body
  called the Estates General that shared power with
  the king

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The rise of Absolutism

• The king as the agent and ruling instrument of
  GOD the Divine Right
• In Spain
• France
• Russia
• England (well almost)

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In Spain

• In the 1500s, with a steady supply of riches from
  her colonies in the New World, Spain became
  Europes most powerful kingdom.
• Charles V (1519-1556) grandson of Ferdinand
  Isabella
• Phillip II (1556-1598) expands his power, the
  influence of the Catholic Church and the Spanish
  Empire.
• During the 1600s because of governmental
  mismanagement and overspending, the power of the
  Spanish declines.

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French Absolutism

• The French Monarchys quest for increased power
  over the nobles, led in part to the Hundreds Year
  War between France and England.
• When it appeared that the French were going to
  lose the war, a peasant named Joan of Arc
• rallied the French troops which led to a victory
  for the French.
• In the process, Joan of Arc was captured and
  executed by the English. She became a symbol of
  French nationalism.

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• Joans
• Bio

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Joan of Arcs legacy

• She was one of Frances most successful leaders
  during the war
• She became a national symbol for the French.
• Her efforts also helped reestablished the
  authority of the French monarch.

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Hundred Years War

• New Technology changes the way wars are fought.

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The Long Bow replaced the cross bow as the weapon
of choice
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The Long Bow

• The long bow was cheap to construct, easy to
  carry and more powerful than the crossbow. They
  had a kill range of 100 yards and could wound an
  enemy from 200 yards (two football fields) away.
  Their arrows could also pierce plate armor. This
  emilinated the advantage of the plate armored
  knight in battle.

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Technology

• The cannon (a gun powder projectile weapon) could
  break through castles and other walls.

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• What are some ways drones are changing the way we
  fight wars?

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French Absolutism

• By the late 1600s, France replaced Spain as
  Europes most powerful nation.
• Henry IV increased the influence of the throne
  while limiting the power of the nobles.
• Louis VIII Appointed Cardinal Armand Richelieuin
  as a way of further increasing his influence.
• On Louis VIIIs behalf Cardinal Richelieu subdued
  the two groups that opposed him
• The nobles and the Protestants (Huguenots)

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Louis XIV The Sun King

• Inherited the French throne at age 5 and ruled
  France for 72 years.
• Louis XIVs reign and authority was strengthened
  when Bishop Jacques Bossuet declared that King
  Louis XIV is Gods representative on earth and as
  such, is entitled to unquestioned obedience.
• Expanded the bureaucracy appointed officials to
  collect taxes, recruit soldiers, rule provinces
• Built a lavish palace Versailles (outside Paris)
• Organized the largest most disciplined army in
  Europe at its time.
• Persecuted the Protestant Huguenots

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The Golden Age of France

• Louis XIV makes France a wealthy powerful nation
  with immense cultural influence. Under his rule,
  France will enter her golden age but his
  overspending and rigid rule of France will plant
  the seeds for the demise of the French monarchy.

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Almost done

• But not yet

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Russia

• In the 1400s Moscow became the center of power in
  Russia.
• Czar Ivan III became the first in a long line of
  absolute rulers of the Romanov Kings.
• Czar Ivan IV intensified absolute rule and harsh
  treatment of his subjects and earned the name
  Ivan the Terrible. He organized a personalized
  police force to terrorize those disloyal to him

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Czar Peter the Great

• Ruled Russia from1682-1725
• Centralized royal power and brought all of Russia
  under his rule.
• Reduced the power of the Russian nobles.
• Gained control over the Orthodox Church
• Traveled to Western European cities and
  introduced modern technologies of mining and
  textiles to Russia

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Czar Peter the Great

• Built up St Petersburg as the centerpiece of a
  new modernized Russian Empire.
• In the late 1600s, built the largest army in
  Europe and used it to expand Russias territory
  and gain ports in the Baltic Sea.
• However, his goal of acquiring warn weather ports
  would not be accomplished until 70 years after
  his death.

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