Terminology lesson 7

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Terminology lesson 7

• Structuring concepts

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Concept structure

• Terms represent specialised knowledge
• This knowledge is structured by the specialist
• The terminologists job is
• to discover the structure
• to make it explicit
• by tree diagrams
• by definitions
• by relating terms one with another

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Representing concept structure

• Concept relationships can be accounted for using
  semantics (study of meaning)
• to extract this knowledge from texts
• Cf. LHomme (2004 156)
• Three major types of relations
• Hierarchical (generic)
• isa relationship
• Meronymical (partitive)
• hasa relationship
• Indirect (other)

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Hierarchical relationships

• Superordinate concept
• Subordinate concept
• Representation standardized (ISO)
• NB. Arrows (not shown) indicate hierarchical
  relations
• frond
• fertile frond infertile frond (?)
• Not every frond has spores under it fronds that
  have the spores
• are called fertile fronds.
• .

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Meronymic relations

• Relationship of part to whole
• Representation standardized (rectangles) (ISO)
• fern
• frond
• pinna
• The leafy branch of the fern is usually called a
  frond.
• The small leaflets that make up the whole frond
  are called pinnae.

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Deducing meronymic relationships from texts

• If you look underneath a fern frond, you will
  often see small clumps, spots or patches that
  look like they are stuck onto the under surface
  of the pinnae. These patches are where you find
  the spores. The spores grow inside casings called
  sporangia. The sporangia may clump together into
  what are called sori (singular sorus).
• Take a look more closely at the spore structures
  under the pinnae of In some cases, you will see
  that each is composed of myriads of smaller
  structures. These are the sporangia - the spore
  casings that hold the spores. Some ferns protect
  their sporangia with thin semi-transparent
  membranes, often globular in shape, called
  indusia. Inside the indusium (if there is one)
  there are the sporangia.
• pinna
• sorus
• indusium
• sporangia
• spore

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Completing information

• From the intial text, it is not clear what the
  relationship between sorus, indusium and
  sporangia is.
• Find other texts which make this relationship
  clear.
• Eg Ontario Ferns http//ontarioferns.com/id/glossa
  ry/index.php

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Added information

• SPORES are tiny dust-like particles that grow in
  and are released from structures called SPORANGIA
  (singular SPORANGIUM plural SPORANGIA).
• A group of SPORANGIA is called a SORUS (singular
  SORUS plural SORI).
• SORI are sometimes covered by a flap referred to
  as an INDUSIUM.
• From this we can deduce that there are several
  types of meronymic relationships
• part of / containing
• optional part/obligatory part (canonical/factultat
  ive Cruse 1986 162)
• parameronyms (medical school is a parameronym
  of university)

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Four main types of meronymy

• M.-Cl. LHomme (2004 100) distinguishes between
  several types of meronymy
• Functional part/whole
• body, heart, ventricule telephone receiver,
  dial
• Element/whole
• Library books
• Portion/mass
• Slice, bread
• Constituant/object
• Tyre, rubber
• Phase/activity
• Water cycle evaporation, cloud formation,
  precipitation
• Place/zone
• Oasis desert

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Hint label meronymic relationships

• fern
• frond
• blade
• pinna
• indusium
• sorus
• sporangia
• spore

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Indicating different meronymical relations

• Non essential meronymical relations can be
  indicated with a dotted line
• Functional meronymical relations can be indicated
  with an unbroken line
• Containing relations can be indicated by a
  crossed line
• NB. As there is no standardised representation,
  these should be marked specifically.

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Indirect relationships

• chronological
• functional
• causal
• and semantic predicates
• Who does what?

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Inducing indirect relationships from texts

• What happens with a gametophyte can only be seen
  under a strong lens, as the gametophyte is small
  - usually less that half an inch across. The
  gametophyte has two sets of reproductive organs
  on its underside - the male parts called the
  antheridia, and the female parts called the
  archegonia. The antheridium contains sperm cells
  while the archegonium contains egg cells. They
  are each located on the gametophyte, a little
  separated from each other. If there is a film of
  moisture, the sperm cells from the antheridium
  swim towards the egg cells in the archegonium.
  This may be on the same gametophyte or an
  adjacent one.

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Some known relationships

• Meronymic
• gametophyte
• antheridium archegonium
• sperm cell egg cell
• The gametophyte has two sets of reproductive
  organs the male parts called the antheridia,
  and the female parts called the archegonia. The
  antheridium contains sperm cells while the
  archegonium contains egg cells.

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Chronogical relations

• spore
• gametophyte
• sporophyte
• adult plant
• These can be indicated with full arrows.

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Combining different relationships

• spore
• gametophyte
• antheridium archegonium
• sperm cell egg cell
• sporophyte
• adult plant

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Other semantic issues

• The metaphor in terminology
• Inspired by cognitive linguistics
• Lakoff Johnson (1980) Metaphors We Live By,
  University of Chicago Press.
• Metaphor not just a figure of speech, it is
  incorporated throughout language and is
  pervasive
• ARGUMENT IS WAR
• Your claims are indefensible.
• He attacked my whole argument.
• His criticisms were right on target.
• I've never won an argument with him.

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Mapping

• Source domain
• Domain we draw from
• e.g. war
• Target domain
• domain we try to understand
• e.g. argument
• Mapping
• systematic correspondence between the two domains
• Criticisms, etc. are weapons
• Someone wins, someone loses

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Metaphor as conceptual construction

• Embodied/experiential metaphor understanding the
  world in terms of our body
• up is happy
• down is sad
• so going on a high ?
• conceptual metaphor understanding one conceptual
  domain in terms of another conceptual domain

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Creating new terms

• Metaphor is one of our most important tools for
  trying to comprehend partially what cannot be
  comprehended fully
• (Lakoff Johnson 1980193)
• Idealized cognitive model Temmerman 2000

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DNA IS A LANGUAGE

• Nucleotide sequences seen as a language
• Translated to plain text of polypeptides
• The scientist did not use a metaphor to name a
  concept s/he had identified
• S/he used a metaphor to discover the principle
• The language used remained in the name.
• cf. splicing

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Pervasive metaphors in LSP

• Sylvie Vandaele
• http//web.me.com/tris.kell.30/PageVandaels/Accuei
  l.html
• ICM used in conceptualising
• structures des récepteurs à sept passages
  membranaires
• Source domain movement target domain
  spatial positioning
• The medial supraclavicular nerves run
  inferomedially across the external jugular vein