Freedom, Well-Being and Opportunity

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OPHIOxford Poverty Human Development
InitiativeDepartment of International
DevelopmentQueen Elizabeth House, University of
Oxford www.ophi.org.uk
Multidimensional Measurement of Poverty in
Sub-Saharan Africa 16 June 2008
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Dataset

• Demography and Health Surveys (DHS) data on 14
  African countries Benin(2002), Burkina (2003),
  Cameroun (2004), Ghana (2003), Guinea (2005),
  Kenya (2003), Madagascar (2003), Malawi (2004),
  Mali (2006), Niger (2006), Nigeria (2003),
  Senegal (2005), Tanzania (2004), Uganda (2006).
• The unit of analysis is the woman.
• DHS contain a lot of information on the standard
  and quality of living, but no real information on
  income or expenditures.

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Dimensions, Indicators Cutoffs(4 dimensions,
11 Indicators)
Dimension Poverty Threshold
1. ASSET
i) Electricity Yes/no
ii) Having radio and/or TV If does not have at least a radio
iii) Refrigerator Yes/no
iv) Vehicle If does not have at least a motorcycle
v) Floor Natural or rudimentary
vi) Phone Yes/no
vii) Drinking water MDG definitions
viii) Sanitation MDG definitions
2. SCHOOLING If highest education level in family lt 3th grade
3. BODY MASS INDEX If BMI lt 18.5 (WHO standard)
4. EMPOWERMENT If does not have ones say on visits to family and relatives
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Table 1 Incidence of Deprivation in five African
Countries
Deprivation Benin Benin Burkina Burkina Cameroon Cameroon Ghana Ghana Guinea Guinea
Deprivation Weight of people of pop of people of pop of people of pop of people of pop of people of pop
Asset 1
Electricity 0.125 11342 70.1 10356 87.3 2384 50.3 2620 50.1 2969 79.0
Media 0.125 3426 21.2 3481 29.3 1363 28.8 1251 23.9 1131 30.1
Refrigerator 0.125 15044 93.0 11078 93.4 3964 83.7 4026 76.9 3402 90.5
Vehicle 0.125 8908 55.1 8193 69.1 3918 82.7 4742 90.6 3153 83.9
Floor 0.125 6421 39.7 6898 58.1 2215 46.8 620 11.8 1996 53.1
Phone [phone] 11250 94.8 4622 97.6 4711 90.0 3446 91.7
Water 0.125 9103 56.3 9337 78.7 2665 56.2 3081 58.9 2944 78.4
Sanitation 0.125 9980 61.7 7968 67.2 287 6.1 1230 23.5 1059 28.2
BMI 1 1413 8.7 2338 19.7 316 6.7 474 9.1 458 12.2
Empower. 1 6584 40.7 8208 69.2 2630 55.5 2534 48.4 1972 52.5
Schooling 1 11181 69.1 9803 82.6 1326 28.0 1675 32.0 3020 80.4
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Figure 1 Dimensions deprivations in five
countries
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Table 2 Multidimensional poverty measures
as cutoff k is varied, in Benin
Cutoff k Number of people Headcount ratio H Adjust ratio M0 Adjust ratio M1 Average number of Deprivations of the poor
0.5 14803 0.915 0.445 0.399 1.946
1 13818 0.854 0.436 0.389 2.039
1.5 11643 0.720 0.393 0.351 2.184
2 5633 0.348 0.234 0.202 2.691
2.5 4297 0.266 0.190 0.163 2.864
3 895 0.055 0.047 0.039 3.381
3.5 413 0.026 0.024 0.019 3.803
4 69 0.004 0.004 0.003 4
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Table 3 Countries ranking according several
well-being measures, with k 2
Country HMD HMD M0 M0 National poverty ratio National poverty ratio HDI (2005,UNDP) HDI (2005,UNDP)
Country Value Rank Value Rank Value Rank Value Rank
Ghana 0.203 1 0.140 1 0.395 2 0.553 1
Cameroon 0.225 2 0.158 2 0.402 4 0.532 2
Benin 0.348 3 0.234 3 0.290 1 0.437 4
Guinea 0.518 4 0.352 4 0.400 3 0.456 3
Burkina 0.693 5 0.503 5 0.464 5 0.370 5