Dimensions of Word Knowledge

1
Dimensions of Word Knowledge

• Phonological Knowledge
• Syntactic Knowledge
• Morphological Knowledge
• Semantic Knowledge

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language,
third edition. Pacific Grove Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, pp. 103-109.
2
Derivational and Inflectional Morphology

• nation nations
• national
• nationally
• international
• internationally
• nationalize nationalizes
• nationalizing
• nationalized
• 
  nationalization

3
Sense Relations

• Synonymy
• Antonym
• Gradable
• Complementary
• Relational
• Incompatibility
• Hyponymy
• Implication

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language,
third edition. Pacific Grove Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, pp. 106-108.
4
Word Association Test FindingsWord chair

• Taxonomic Relations
• table coordinate (cohyponym)
• furniture superordinate
• rocker subordinate (hyponym)
• Attributive Relations
• comfortable, wooden, hard, white

5
Word Association Test Findings Word chair

• Part-Whole Relations
• seat, cushion, legs
• Functional Relations
• sitting, rest, rocking

Part of this is from G.H. Kent and A.J. Rosanoff.
1910. The American Journal of Insanity 67
317-390, American Psychiatric Association. Cited
in Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of
Language, third edition. Pacific Grove
Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 107-108.
6
Psycholinguistic Experimental Measures

• Response time (RT)
• Accuracy (or error rate)

7
Psycholinguistic Experimental Tasks

• Naming
• Lexical Decision
• Phoneme Monitoring
• Semantic Verification
• Word Association
• Priming

8
Hierarchical Model of Mental Lexicon
9
Hierarchical Network ModelCollins Quillian
Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language,
third edition. Pacific Grove Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, p. 110.
10
Semantic Verification Task(Similarity and
Typicality Effects)

• TRUE
• A robin is a bird. faster more typical
• An ostrich is a bird. slower less
  typical
•  
• FALSE
• A whale is a fish. slower more similar
• A horse is a fish. faster less similar

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language,
third edition. Pacific Grove Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, p. 113.
11
Collins Loftus (1975) Model of Spreading
Activation
Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language,
third edition. Pacific Grove Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, p. 115.
12
Ashcraft Model of Spreading Activation
Ashcraft, Mark H. 1994. Human Memory and
Cognition, second edition. New York Harper
Collins College Publishers, p. 273.
13
Variables that Influence Lexical Access(and
must be accounted for)

• 1. Word frequency
• 2. Phonological Variables
• 3. Syntactic Category
• 4. Morphological Complexity
• 5. Semantic Priming
• 6. Lexical Ambiguity

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language,
third edition. Pacific Grove Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, pp. 119-126
14
Lexical Decision and Word FrequencyHirsh-Pasek
et al. (1993)

• List 1 List 2
• gambastya chalt mulvow
  busy
• revery awry governor effort
• voitle signet bless
  garvola
• chard trave
  tuglety match
• wefe crock gare
  sard
• cratily cryptic relief
  pleasant
• decoy ewe ruftily
  coin
• puldow himpola history
  maisle
• raflot pindle
• oriole develop
• voluble gardot
• boovle norve

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language,
third edition. Pacific Grove Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, p. 120.
15
Forster's Active Search Model
Garnham, Alan. 1985. Psycholinguistics. p. 52
16
Spreading Activation
Ashcraft, Mark H. 1994. Human Memory and
Cognition, second edition. New York Harper
Collins College Publishers, p. 260.
17
Cohort Model
Aitchison, Jean. 1994. Words in the Mind An
Introduction to the Mental Lexicon, second
edition. Oxford Blackwell Publishers, p. 218.
18
Processing in the Cohort Model

• EXAMPLE Angela misplaced her ba
• Initial Cohort bag, bat, bath, bass, bagpipe,
  
•   1) Word Initial Cohort "on the basis of an
  acoustic-phonetic analysis
• of the input, a set of lexical
  candidates is activated"
• ASSUMPTION strictly bottom-up
•   2) Selection Process "one member of the
  cohort is selected for further
• analysis"
• additional phonetic input
• word frequency
• ongoing discourse context
•   3) Integration into Connected Discourse "the
  selected lexical item is
• integrated into the ongoing semantic and
  syntactic context

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language,
third edition. Pacific Grove Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, pp. 118-126.