MR. LIPMAN

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MR. LIPMANS APUS POWERPOINT CHAPTER 4
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Chesapeake Colonies in the Seventeenth Century
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• Diseases ravaged the people in the Chesapeake
• Low life expectancy
• The Chesapeake grew slowly in the 1600s and
  mostly from new immigrants from Europe, not
  natural birth
• Most immigrants were single men
• BY THE EARLY 1700S MANY MORE FAMILIES HAD TAKEN
  HOLD AND ILLNESS BECAME LESS FREQUENT

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The Chesapeake good for tobacco but it ruined the
soil Settlers moved inland for more new land,
thus pushing the Indians further west and causing
increased conflicts. As production of tobacco
increased, the price dropped, causing farmers to
grow more to remain profitable. This increased
the need for more labor, and with the price of
slaves very high, the need for indentured
servants grew.
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• Indentured servants were white English farmers
  displaced by the enclosure movement
• They voluntarily mortgaged their labor for
  several years to get a transatlantic passage and
  freedom dues after their time was up (a few
  barrels of corn, clothing, and possibly a small
  piece of land)
• The headright system encouraged indentured
  servants to come for every indentured servant
  who was brought over the master, or payer, would
  receive 50 acres of land. This led to a rapid
  expansion of indentured servitude and the need to
  push settlers further West for more land.

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Bacons Rebellion

• In 1676 1,000 Virginians, most former indentured
  servants who had moved west to the Piedmont area
  for available land, rebelled. Led by Nathaniel
  Bacon
• Resented Governor Berkeleys relations with the
  Indians and how he monopolized the fur trade with
  the Indians in the Chesapeake
• He also refused to retaliate for Indian attacks
  on frontier settlements

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Nathaniel Bacon
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• Bacons Rebellion
• Rebels attacked the Indians
• Governor Berkeley was driven from Jamestown and
  rebels burned the city
• Bacon suddenly died of disease
• After they lost their leader, Gov. Berkeley
  crushed the rebellion and 20 rebels were then
  hung as punishment for their actions.

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• Rebellion exposed resentment between the
  frontiersman and the rich gentry on their
  Tidewater coastal plantations
• The rich planters searched for workers less
  likely to rebel and this led to large-scale use
  of African slaves
• Before this most slaves had been transported to
  the British West Indies and the Caribbean

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The Atlantic Slave Trade before Bacon
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• In 1619 slaves first introduced in Jamestown
• By 1670 slavery was still only a small
• Reason few slaves were imported is because
  struggling white colonists could not afford for
  slaves who might die soon after arrival
• White indentured servants were far less costly
  than Africans

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• During the 1680s, changes in Europe and America
  led to African enslavement
• Rising wages in England so less people were
  willing to sell themselves as indentured servants
  
• Large planters were fearful of large numbers of
  former servants (as demonstrated by Bacons
  Rebellion)
• Established planters now had income to spend on
  slaves

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• As slaves increased, white colonists acted to put
  down any possible racial threat
• Slave codes were adopted, setting strict
  conditions of slavery
• blacks (and their children) became property
  (chattels) for the life of their white masters
• Some colonies made it a crime to teach a slave to
  read or write
• Even conversion to Christianity did not qualify a
  slave for freedom

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• Slave revolts did occur, but overall there were
  few of them
• In 1712 a rebellion in New York occurred in which
  12 whites were killed and 21 blacks were executed
  as revenge.
• In 1739, the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina
  occurred
• Blacks rebelled and tried to march to Spanish
  Florida and freedom but were stopped by the white
  militia

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Southern Society

• At top were rich plantation owners with large
  tracts of land
• Second were small landowners who owned one or two
  slaves (these were the majority of colonists)
• Third were the poor, non-landowning, non-slave
  owning whites who worked for other whites
• Fourth were indentured servants
• Black slaves were at the lowest level

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Southern Society vs. New England Society

• Southern society revolved around the plantation
  so few cities developed
• an urban professional class (like lawyers,
  bankers) was slow to emerge
• Poor roads meant that most transportation was
  done over waterways

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• New England enjoyed a much healthier climate than
  the South
• Clean water and cool temperatures stopped the
  growth of disease
• Better transportation system because of better
  roads and navigable water ways.

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• New Englanders generally migrated as families
• Population grew from natural reproduction
• Early marriage and women had children every 2
  years until menopause
• The typical woman would have 10 children (with 8
  surviving past infancy)
• Many women died during childbirth and women came
  to fear pregnancy

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• Southern womens rights were more advanced
  because men frequently died young and there were
  fewer of them
• Women in the South were allowed to keep separate
  rights to property (from their husbands) and to
  inherit their husbands estate
• New England women gave up property rights upon
  marriage
• Puritan lawmakers worried about dividing men and
  women in marriage based on property
• Widows did have secure rights to property (in
  contrast with England)

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The Scarlet Letter
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Life in the New England Towns

• Towns with over 50 families were required to
  provide an elementary education
• 1/2 adults were literate in New England
• In 1636, Harvard College was established to train
  local boys for the ministry
• The first college (William and Mary) was not
  established in Virginia until 1693

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The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials

• In the mid 1600s, religious enthusiasm began to
  die down
• To combat this, Puritan preachers began using the
  jeremiad, or strong calls to repentance and
  stronger faith values
• In 1662 the Half-Way Covenant introduced
• Weakened the purity of the original settlements
• Eventually, Puritan church was opened to all,
  purity was sacrificed for wider participation

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The Salem Witch trials began in 1692 in
Massachusetts Young girls claimed to be
possessed by older women who they claimed were
witches In the ensuing witch hunt, 20 people
were killed, 19 by hanging 1 by pressing 2 dogs
were also hanged
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Causes of Salem reflected the widening of
economic classes in New England and fear that
Puritanism was being corrupted by
commercialism Most of the accused witches came
from families associated with Salems growing
market economy in town The accusers came mostly
from subsistence farming poor families Key is
it is based on economic jealousy
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The Geography of Witchcraft Salem Village, 1692
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• By 1693, the witchcraft hysteria had ended in
  Salem
• The Massachusetts governor acted (because of
  accusation against his wife) and prohibited
  further trials and pardoned convicted witches
• 20 years later, state legislature annulled the
  convictions of accused witches and paid
  reparations to their heirs

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• New England differences with South
• Difficult farming because of rocky soil
• Back-breaking work shaped strong character
• Less ethnically diverse (immigrants were not
  attracted to farms or harsh religious life)
• Climate led to diversified agriculture and
  industry, instead of relying on a few staple
  crops
• Mostly small farms due to geography
• Because slavery was not profitable on small farms
  the colonists relied less on slave labor.
• Used harbors for shipping and commerce, leading
  to shipbuilding and the use of forests

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• Most immigrant colonists were middle class
• Upper classes had no reason to leave Europe
  (Dukes dont emigrate)
• Poor lacked money to emigrate
• Colonists tried to prevent class distinctions
• Society much more egalitarian than Europe,
  especially northern and middle colonies
• Rebellions of lower classes against upper classes
  occurred, such as Bacons Rebellion, Maryland
  Protestant rebellion (1676), Leislers Rebellion
  (1689 1691) NYC

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KEYS TO THE CHAPTER

• Head right System
• Bacons Rebellion
• Middle Passage
• Salem Witch Trials
• Half-Way Covenant
• Differences between Northern and Southern colonies