So

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Sonow that you know what a living thing is

1. Is made of one or more_________.
2. Is composed of certain_________.
3. ___________________.
4. __________to a __________.
5. Requires_________.
6. _____________

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And you know what living things require

• ______________
• ______________
• ______________
• ______________
• And remember, not all living things need air
  but the gases are important.
• Sowhat about these here cells? What exactly are
  they? OkayIll tell yain a minute ?

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How All of This Stuff Fits Together
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Cellswhat are they?Whats in em?

• First of all, the study of cells is called
• CYTOLOGY

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The Cell Theory

• All organisms are made of one or more cells.
  (Schleiden Schwann)
• 2. The cell is the basic unit of all living
  things. (Schleiden Schwann)
• All cells come from existing cells. (Rudolph
  Virchow).

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Important Folks

• Robert Hooke 1674- was the first dude to observe
  cells.
• Observed dead cork cells under a simple
  microscope,
• Saw the compartment like structure, he termed the
  different compartments cellsipso factoCELLS.

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• 2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
• Father of Microscopy
• Checked out cells in living algae. He proved
  that that living things were made up of cells.
• First to look at bacteria
• 3.Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden
  1839-ish
• First two components of the cell theory.
• Rudolph Virchow (late 1800s) Final part of the
  cell theory.

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Surface Area to Volume Ratio

• This explains why cells dont get bigger than
  they do.
• As a cell grows, the inside of the cell (its
  volume) grows at a greater pace than the outer
  surface of the cell membrane (its surface area).
• If the cell grew too large, nutrients could not
  get in fast enough and waste couldnt get out
  fast enough.

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Two Major Types of Cells

• Prokaryotic
• Single celled organisms with no nucleus or
  membrane-bound organelles.
• Earliest appearing cells.
• Bacteria-most common
• Archaea-tough little buggers that can live where
  nothing else can.

• Eukaryotic
• Uni or multicellular
• Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Larger than prokaryotic cells (about 10x on
  average).
• Animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

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Prokaryote v Eukaryote
Prokaryotes Both Eukaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea Cell Membrane Animal, plant, fungi, protists
Smaller Cell Wall (some Euk) Larger
Appear Earlier Ribosomes Appear later
Circular DNA in Nucleoid DNA Linear DNA in Nucleus
No Membrane-bound organelles Reproduce by Cell division Membrane-bound organelles
Reproduce by binary fission Cytoplasm Reproduce by Mitosis
Smaller ribosomes Complex Cell Walls Flagella Larger ribosomes Simple Cell Walls (if present)
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Whats in a Cell?Another viewAnimals, Plants,
Protists, Fungi Bacteria
Archaea
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• WHAT'S IN A CELL

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Organelles (the working parts that are inside of
cells)

• You know how there are organs in your body that
  do things? Well, organelles do similar things
  in cells.
• Likeyour brain controls what your body
  doesright? Theres an organelle in a cell that
  controls this stuff. How? Wellits
  biochemicalbutyoull get there?
• Anyway, thats an ANALOGY, which is
• a comparison between two things, typically on
  the basis of their structure and for the purpose
  of explanation or clarification.
• Some have a covering called a membrane. These
  are referred to as membrane-bound organelles.
  Well call em MBOs for short.

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Cell Membrane

• AKA Plasma membrane or plasmalemma.
• Two layers of phospholipidsa phospholipid
  bilayer.
• Separates the cell from the environment.
• Selectively permeablethat means it can let
  stuff through and keep other stuff out.
  Sweet!
• This thing makes chemical decisions about what
  can enter or leave.
• Analogy its like a security guard. You can
  come in but yer friends gonna have to wait
  outside.
• Which types of cells? All types!

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• Nucleus
• This is the brain or CPU of the cell. It
  controls all of the cells functions and contains
  the DNA (which determines heredity).
• Analogy Well, a brain or CPUlike I said.
• Which types of cells? All types of EUKARYOTIC
  cells.

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Mitochondria

• This is where CELLULAR RESPIRATION takes place.
  You knowenergy from foodATP production. The
  more of these you find in the cell, the more ATP
  is being produced.
• Analogy Its like a battery in an I-Pad.
• Which types of cells? All types of EUKARYOTIC
  cells.
• There is a theory that supports the idea that
  these organelles were once actual organisms that
  lived in other organisms in a mutualistic
  symbiotic relationship! This is called the
  endosymbiont theory.

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Chloroplasts

• This is where PHOTOSYNTHESIS takes place. You
  knowfood from energyusing the SUN.
• Analogy Sorta like bread cooking in an oven...it
  uses the heat energy to react ingredients, which
  turns it from dough to bread.
• Which types of cells? Certain types of
  EUKARYOTIC cellsplants, algae, and some
  bacteria.

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Cell Wall

• This is wall (duh) outside of the cell membrane.
  Not all cells have one, but its function is to
  provide structure and protection.
• Analogy Like a chainlink fence around a compost
  pile.
• Which types? All Types
• and compositionPlant cells-celluloseFungi-Chit
  inBacteria-peptidoglycan (protein/sugar)

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Cytoplasm

• This is actually a bunch of stuff. A gel matrix
  full of water, nutrients, gases, structures, and
  wastes. Essentially, it is all of the cells
  contents except the nucleus.
• Analogy If the school was a cell and the office
  was the nucleus, the cytoplasm would be
  everything inside the walls of the schoolexcept
  for the office.
• Which type of cells? All types!

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Ribosomes

• These are really small (theyre measured in
  SvedbergsI did NOT make that up).
• They are the organelle in which proteins are made
  (thats called protein synthesis).
• Analogy In a factorywhomever assembles the
  parts to make the final producttheyre the
  ribosomes!
• Which types of cells? All types!

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Imagine that you crumpled up a piece of giant
  piece of newspaper and could get it inside of a
  beach ball. Thats kind of what the ER is.
• Instead of newspaperits a network of membranes.
• Substances like nutrients and wastes move along
  the surface to get from one place to another
  within a cell.
• Theres smooth ER and rough ER. The rough ER has
  ribosomes stuck in it. How convenient for
  transporting proteins around the
  celldonchathink?
• Analogy The floors in our school. You can move
  along them to get around.
• What types of cells? Eukaryotic

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Golgi Bodies

• These are related to the ER, but they are
  stand-alone (theyre not all connected).
• They take substances (like proteins), wrap them
  in membrane material, and send them out to other
  parts of the cell.
• Analogy The US Post Office takes your mail, puts
  it in a truck or on a plane, and delivers it.
• What types? Eukaryotic

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Vacuole

• These are a type of vesicle (like a plastic bag)
  that holds and stores stuff.
• Food Vacuoles storeuhhhfood.
• Water Vacuoles storeyup!
• Contractile Vacuoles help keep the proper balance
  of water inside and outside of certain cells.
• Analogy Like a refrigerator or water cooler in
  an office.
• What types? Eukaryotes

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Lysosomes

• These are small organelles that break down waste
  substances and old organelles that dont work
  anymore.
• Analogy Theyre like little recycling bins or
  garbage disposals.
• Which types? Eukaryotes!

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The stuff from this point on will not be on this
test.That does not render the information
insignificantya just dont gotta worry about it
right now.
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Chemical Compounds in the Cell

• Remember what a compound ishuhdo ya? Its two
  or more elements that are CHEMICALLY combined.
  They lose their individual properties and take on
  a completely new identitybut you knew that right
  ??
• Just to refresh your memory
• Elements substance composed of only one type of
  atom. Hint if it aint on da periodic tableit
  aint an element.
• Atoms smallest amount of an element that you can
  have.

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Types of cellular compounds

• Organic These are compounds that contain carbon.
  
• Inorganic Ummthey dont have carbon (with the
  exception of CO2, which has C but isnt
  organic...go figure).
• How to tell the difference
• C6H12O6Yup!
• KMnO4Nope!
• Got ItGood ?

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Proteins

• Large organic molecules.
• Composed of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen
  (H), and sometimes sulfur (S).
• Proteins are essential (important) for cell
  membranes, muscle tissue, and organelles within
  cells.
• Made up of AMINO ACIDS, which are smaller
  molecules that link together to make the larger
  protein molecule.

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• There are many amino acids but there are some are
  ESSENTIAL.
• The 20 are combined in many ways to make
  different proteins.
• ENZYMES
• A special type of protein that speeds up chemical
  reactions in cells.
• Enzymes can be recognized by the ase at the end
  of their name. Example salivary amylase is the
  enzyme that starts digesting starches in your
  mouth.

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20 Standard Amino Acids (nonot mean old
acidsAMINO ACIDS!)

• Essential (your body needs to get them from
  food) Arginine, Isoleucine,Leucine, Lysine,
  Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan,
  Valine, Histidine
• Nonessential Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartate,
  Cysteine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline,
  Serine, Tyrosine

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Carbohydrates(carbon/water)

• These are sugars and starches, (also
  saccharides, and polysaccharidesbut dont worry
  about those right now).
• CHOs called sugars are products of
  photosynthesis.
• Sugar molecules can combine to form starches.
• CHOs are high in energysowe eat em. Well
  learn how you use them later.
• Hint Whole grains GOOD? Too many simple sugars
  BAD ?

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Lipids

• Fats, oils, and waxes are lipids.
• Also made up of C, H, and O.
• These have LOTS of energy, and if it isnt used
  it gets stored.
• When you see words like fatty acids, glycerides,
  and phospholipidsyoure reading about lipids.
• Instead of calling someone a fat-headcall em a
  phospholipid-headfolksll think youre all
  sciency n smart.