TAMIL INFLUENCES in MALAYSIA, INDONESIA and PHILIPPINES

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TAMIL INFLUENCES in MALAYSIA,INDONESIA and
PHILIPPINES
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The Kshatriya or Aristocrat Theory

• R.C. Majumdar
• proposed in his book Ancient Indian Colonies in
  the Far East (1944) following finding by the
  Archaeologist of ancient Indian inscriptions and
  religious icons in the said regions.
• The kings of the latter region had adopted
  Sanskrit names such as Sri Vijaya, Majapahit.etc.
• COEDES
• The Indianized countries of Southeast Asia were
  never political dependencies of India but rather
  cultural colonies

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The Brahmin or Sacerdote Theory

• COEDES
• the first historian to synthesize the history of
  Indianized state of Southeast Asia.
• SANSKRIT
• a scholarly language that served and still serves
  to enrich the vocabulary of the native languages
  with a considerable number of words.

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• BRAHMIN THEORY
• supports the evidence at hand that is to account
  for the Sanskrit language influence as well as
  the names and tittles of the kings of Southeast
  Asia.
• INDIANIZATION
• expansion of an organized culture that was
  founded upon the Indian Conception of royalty,
  was characterized by Hinduist or Buddhist Cults.
• synonymous with Brahmanization.

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• HISTOIRE ANCIENNE DES ETATS HINDOUISES
  DEXTREME-ORIENT
• a book where comprises all his findings regarding
  the history of the Indianized part of Southeast
  Asia.
• Ancient history of the Hinduized states of the
  extreme-orient.
• BUDDHISM
• a culture rival to Brahmanism.

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• SACERDOTES
• the spiritual leaders of the Hindu Settlers and
  could have served as counsels to the few kings
  that followed Hinduism.
• INDIA
• this word is the Greek and Latin adaptations of
  the Persian word Hindu-At first, even the British
  use the word Gentoo for the adherents of the
  Hindu religion.

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• COEDES
• did not take any other aspects of culture or way
  of life into consideration in order to find the
  history relationship between the Indian and
  Indianized Southeast Asia.
• was not an ethnologists or a cultural
  anthropologists.
• BRAHMINS
• have been given exaggerated credit by Coedes.

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The Vaisya Or Traders/Proletariat Theory

• NILAKANTA SASTRI
• a Brahmin historian from Madras, South India.
• R.C. MAJUMDAR
• a Brahmin historian from Calcutta, Bengal,
  Eastern India.
• COEDES
• said that Madras claims for Tamils and Bengal
  claims for Bengalis.
• never anti Tamils.

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• TAMIL NADU
• deserves the greatest credit for the spread at
  Indian elements through peaceful settlements.
• L . WILLIAMS M . OSBORNE
• have suggested that the importation of Indic
  culture was not solely or indeed primarily the
  task of the Brahmans and monks that merchants
  could have very well been the camers of a
  greater civilization.
• TAMIL INSCRIPTION
• emanating from South India have been found in
  Southeast Asia.

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2 Question/Problems Against the Traders Theory

• Regarding sanskrit words found in the local
  language of Southeast Asia.
• Regarding the existence of Indianized communities
  that live in the mountainous or interior areas.
• - communities carrying Dravidian clan names
  Chera, Chola, Pandiya, Malayala and Pallarya.
• R .Hein Gelderns reminders should be kept
  in mind when accounting for the Indianization of
  Indonesia.

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Study of Inscriptions

• TAMIL INSCRIPTION
• relate to the Tamil-Southeast Asian cultural
  contacts during historic times.
• 3 Inscriptions in the Malayan peninsula
• in Takuapa, in Tambralinga and in Ligor
• 1 inscription in Sumatra, in Labu Tawa
• 1 inscription in Bale
• 1 inscription in Burma, in Pagan
• 2 inscription in Tanjore

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• INDIANIZED STATE OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
• mentions only about the Takuapa, Ligor and
  Sumatra inscription.
• JUAN FRANCISCO
• Filipino Indologist, has been very critical of
  the possibility of historical Tamil influences in
  Southeast Asia.
• Philippines and India
• the early historians who recognized Tamils
  efforts in spreading their culture.

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Inscription of Malay Peninsula

• MALAY PENINSULA
• the only document that can be attributed of the
  first half of the ninth century was found at
  Takuapa.
• AVANI-NARANAM
• dug by nangur-udaiyan.
• names of individual who possessed a military fief
  at Nangur and who was famous for his abilities as
  a warrior.
• MANIKKIRAMAM
• a merchant guild.

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• AVONI-NARAYANA - surname of the pallaba king
  Nandivarman III.
• MAJAPISIDESA- a bronze image of ganesa bearing a
  Tamil inscription .
• LIGOR another Tamil inscription dated last
  quarter of the 9th century A.D.
• DITARMASENAPATHY according to the order, the
  record is one of some charity in favor of
  Brahmins.
• INSCRIPTION FOUND IN SUMATRA
• - dated in the month Masi of the saka year 1010.
• - engraved on a stone found at Laboe to wewa,
  Baros Sumatra and it records a gift by a body of
  person who style themselves the one
  thousand-five hundred.

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• INSCRIPTION of BURMA
• this relates to the settlement of vaishnava
  soldiers from South India.
• INSCRIPTION of BALI
• its mention the sivan temple that have been
  erected in that place.
• the village organization in Bale remains one of
  the Pallaba-Chola village organization.
• INSCRIPTION of TANJORE
• dated 1030 A.D is about the victory of Rajedra
  CholanI over the Southern countries.

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State Literatures of Thailand

• TAMIL the official language of the Court
  Brahmins in Thailand.
• RAMESWARAM Southern part of the Tamil country.
• SANSKRIT INSCRIPTION FOUND IN MALAYA and
  INDONESIA PALLABA GRANTHA letters and ASOKA PALI
  language also Sanskrit inscription than by the
  Tamils themselves.
• JEAN FILLIOZAT If Tamilians have very often
  written their inscription in Sanskrit and not
  Tamil, it is because Sanskrit, before Persian and
  english , was commonly used as a link language

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• H.B Sarkar(1971)
• points out that the Pallava-Grantha script was a
  development of a part of the Tamil country which
  was ruled by the Pallvas.
• PRAKRIT
• the court language of South India until the 4th
  century A.D.
• PALLAVA-GRANTHA SCRIPT
• was a linguistic result of the political
  conglomeration of the Northern part of Tamil
  country and Southern parts of Kamataka and
  Andhra.

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Inscription Found in Funan/Cambodia

• FUNAN
• not part of Malaya and Indonesia.
• JEAN FILLIOZAT
• explains that the said hero is a Tamil king of
  the Pandayan Empire.
• INSCRIPTION FOUND IN LIGOR
• refers to the trade relationship between the
  Tamil country in Malaya.
• INSCRIPTION FOUND IN KEDAH
• left by kulothunka CholanI.
• shows the commercial contacts the Chola Empire
  had with Malaya.

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Inscription Found in Borneo

• KUNDUNGAN
• a Tamil name, hence it is supposed that his
  princely family migrated from Tamil Nadu and
  established kingdom in the bland in Borneo.
• TAMIL INSCRIPTION
• at least 4 centuries posterior to the Sanskrit
  inscription.
• found dates to the early 9th century A.D
• SANSKRIT INSCRIPTION
• found (in Malaya and Indonesia) is dated to the
  5th century A.D