Muckrakers

1
Muckrakers

• Journalists
• Exposed the truth
• Early 1900s
• Upton Sinclair
• Ida Tarbell
• The Jungle
• Food, Inc.
• FDA

2
Upton Sinclair

• The Jungle
• Muckraker
• Meat packing industry
• Book led to legislation
• FDA
• FDR
• Food Inspection Act
• Pure Food and Drug Act

3
Ida Tarbell

• Exposed unfair business practices in the oil
  industry
• Investigative journalist
• Rockefellers
• Standard Oil
• Teacher
• Muckraker
• Wrote The History of Standard Oil

4
Hull House

• Settlement house
• Chicago
• Ellen Gates Starr founded this
• Helped refugees
• First of its kind
• Apartments for immigrants / women

5
Initiative

• Proposed law that comes from the people
• Does not come from lawmakers
• Progressive Era
• Legislative measure
• Has to go through legislative process
• Can be added to legislation as a referendum

6
Referendum

• Where a proposed bill can be voted on by the
  people
• Gave people more say in government
• Used in some cases to recall government officials

7
Recall

• To remove a public official from office
• Vote of the people not the government
• Usually voted on in a referendum
• 20 states had adopted referendum, recall, and/or
  initiative procedures by 1920
• Part of political reforms of the Progressive Era

8
Direct election of the Senators

• 17th amendment
• People voted for senators
• No longer appointed by state legislatures
• 1912
• People have more say in federal government
• Part of the Progressive Era

9
Jim Crow

• Segregation laws in the south
• New way of enslaving African-Americans without
  slavery
• Black codes
• Got rid of all blacks rights
• Mostly aimed at keeping blacks from voting
• Led to the Freedmens Bureau

10
Plessy v. Ferguson

• 1896 segregation in public places is legal
• Established separate but equal clause
• Second major racial Landmark Supreme Court case
• Last 60 years until Brown v. Board of Education
• Enforced judicial review

11
NAACP

• National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People
• Racial equality
• Founded in 1909
• Booker T. Washington
• Non-violent means to equality

12
Anti-immigration sentiment

• Lead to immigration restrictions
• Nativism
• Chinese-Exclusion Act
• Low wage jobs
• Quota system
• Nationalism
• Continues into today

13
Chinese Exclusion Act

• Prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers,
  merchants, tourists, and government officials
  from entering the US
• 1882
• Limited the number of Chinese immigrants
• Discrimination in the Railroad industry

14
Spanish-American War

• America wanted to free Cuba from Spanish control
• Triggered by the sinking of the USS Maine
• Treaty of Paris ended it in 1898
• Rough Riders
• America gained the Philippines
• Teddy Roosevelt
• Big Stick Policy
• Showed America as a major world power

15
American Expansionism

• Expand the size of the nation under imperialism
• Manifest Destiny (economically)
• Hawaii, Philippines, etc.
• Alaska
• Increase military strength
• Puerto Rico

16
Philippine-American War

• Led by Aguinaldo
• Revolt against the US
• Revolting against annexation by the US
• Revolt was stopped by US
• US did not annex the Philippines

17
Roosevelt Corollary

• Extension of the Monroe Doctrine
• We would protect the western hemisphere against
  European interference
• 1904
• Spread democracy
• World police
• Our right to protect economic interest by
  military intervention if necessary

18
Panama Canal

• aided in trade between coasts
• Connected the Atlantic and the Pacific
• Opened in 1914
• Gave it back to Panama eventually
• Built by US
• Helped Panamanians gain freedom from Colombia
• Took 10 years
• 51 miles long

19
U.S. Neutrality

• Attempt to stay out of international wars
• Lend-Lease Act
• Isolationism
• Not successful

20
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• Use of subs against non-military vessels
• Lusitania
• WWI
• German U-boats
• TOTAL WAR
• Caused US to enter the war (one reason)

21
Great Migration

• Movement of African-Americans from South to North
• During WWI
• Following the jobs
• Growth of cities in the north
• Harlem Renaissance
• Early 20th century

22
Espionage Act

• Law against speaking out against the war effort
• Passed along side the Alien and Sedition Acts
• 1917
• Jailed and fined for speaking out
• Determined unconstitutional because it went
  against 1st amendment

23
Eugene V. Debs

• American Railroad Union
• Wanted skilled workers
• Leader of the democratic socialist party
• Ran for president from jail
• Arrested for protesting the war

24
18th Amendment

• Prohibition
• 1919
• Led to speakeasies
• Led to bootlegging
• Gangs, organized crime (MOB)
• Later repealed by 21st amendment
• Al Capone

25
19th amendment

• Womens right to vote
• 1920
• Result of women involvement in WWI
• Seneca Falls Convention
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Susan B. Anthony

26
Fourteen Points

• Woodrow Wilsons plan to make peace after WWI
• Congress did NOT agree to join the League of
  Nations
• Opposed by nations that wanted to punish Germany
  for WWI

27
League of Nations

• Established in 1920 to promote international
  cooperation and peace
• Mostly European
• First attempt at Global Peace keeping body
• Henry Cabot Law
• US did not join

28
Communism

• Economic and political system based on a one
  party government (totalitarianism)
• China
• Russian Revolution 1917 and the creation of the
  USSR
• Everyone is equal
• Red Scare

29
Socialism

• Government control of business and property and
  equal distribution of wealth
• Communism Lite
• Economic system opposite of capitalism

30
Red Scare

• Fear of the spread of communism after WWI
• After the Bolshevik Revolution
• Resulted in immigration legislation
• Communist political party was formed in US
• Share Our Wealth program - Huey Long

31
Immigration Restrictions

• Immigrants were required to pass literacy tests
• Quota system 1921
• Fear of communism
• Ellis and Angel Island
• Gentlemens Agreement
• Southern and Eastern European Immigrants

32
Radio

• 1920s brought families together
• Entertainment
• News
• Advertising
• Roaring Twenties
• Presidential Elections
• Fireside talks
• War of the Worlds

33
Movies

• 1920s silent movies and black/white
• Entertainment
• Charlie Chaplin
• Buster Keaton
• Wizard of Oz
• New era of movie stars
• Influenced fashion
• Clara Bow

34
Jazz

• Harlem Renaissance
• Louis Armstrong
• Flappers
• Louisiana
• Improv
• 1920s
• New Orleans
• Charleston

35
Harlem Renaissance

• Revival of African-American culture and art
• Langston Hughes
• Didnt last long
• Ended by Great Depression
• Louis Armstrong

36
Langston Hughes

• African American author during the Harlem
  Renaissance
• Poet
• Russian friend (communist)
• Wrote about the troubles of being
  African-American

37
Louis Armstrong

• Famous musician during the Harlem Renaissance
• Trumpet
• New Orleans
• Chicago jazz musician

38
Tin Pan Alley

• Composers and lyricists
• Sub-genre of Jazz movement
• Irving Berlin
• Manhattan and other parts of New York City
• Place of music

39
Irving Berlin

• Playwright and composer
• Wrote White Christmas and God Bless America
• Part of Tin Pan Alley Movement
• Publisher
• 150 songs

40
Mass Production

• Henry Ford
• 1920s
• Sped up production
• Made cars affordable
• Cheaper labor
• Contributed to urbanization
• Assembly line
• Led to overproduction

• Faster, more economic, efficient way of
  production
• Model T
• Interchangeable parts
• Eli Whitney
• Cotton gin

41
Stock Market crash

• Black Tuesday
• 10/29/1929
• Contributing factor of the Great Depression
• Caused by buying on margin
• Caused closing of banks
• Risky bank loans

42
Great Depression

• Extended economic recession
• Hoovervilles
• New Deal
• FDR
• 1929-1940
• 25 unemployment
• Highest suicide rate
• Global effect

• After WWI
• Inflation
• Over-production
• Under consumption
• Use of credit
• Wages not increasing

43
Dust Bowl

• Farming over-production
• Drought
• West
• 1930s
• AAA
• Led to farmers moving to California
• Not using crop rotation
• Over grazing
• Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico

44
Hooverville

• Thought Hoover was the cause of the Great
  Depression
• Shantytowns
• Unemployed, homeless people
• All over the US
• Named after president Hoover

45
Tennessee Valley Authority

• Part of the New Deal
• Dams and bridges along the Tennessee River Valley
• Created jobs
• Provided electricity
• 1933
• Provided economic development in the Tennessee
  Valley

46
Second New Deal

• Roosevelt
• 1934-1935
• Great depression
• Court Packing Bill
• Social Security
• TVA
• CCC
• AAA
• FDIC

47
Wagner Act

• Collective bargaining
• Re-established the NIRA
• promoted labor unions
• Limited ways employers could react to labor
  unions
• Established in 1935
• Protected workers rights
• Better hours - higher wages
• Cant fire people for being in a union

48
Industrial Revolution

• Growth of cities
• Machines were used more
• Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,
  mining, and transport
• Hand tools were used less
• Change in social and economic organization
• People got factory jobs
• Mass production
• Assembly line
• Henry Ford

49
Social Security Act

• New Deal
• Retired, elderly, disabled
• Most costly part of the New Deal
• Increased taxes
• Guaranteed retirement for some
• Still exists today
• Helped families with disabled children
• 1935
• FDR

50
Eleanor Roosevelt

• Social reformer
• Accepted blacks into the White House
• Advocate for civil rights
• FDRs wife
• Roosevelts eyes and ears
• Womens rights
• Childrens advocate

51
Huey Long

• Socialist
• Share Our Wealth
• U.S. senator
• Supported social programs
• Thought the New Deal was not enough
• Turned against Roosevelt
• Communist
• Very popular
• Assassinated

52
Neutrality Acts

• Came from nationalism / isolationism
• Foreign policy of the late 1930s and early 1940s
• Prevented the US from being drawn into war
• 1935
• No sale of weapons to countries that were at war
• Loosened by the Lend-Lease Act

53
Court Packing Bill

• Roosevelts attempt to pack the Supreme Court so
  the New Deal could not be challenged
• Addition of 6 new members
• Did not pass!!!
• 1937
• Wanted younger more liberal people on the court

54
A. Philip Randolph

• Key Civil Rights leader before and during WWII
• Won Roosevelts support for equality in the
  workforce (war industries)
• Founded brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
• Negotiated with Roosevelt about civil rights and
  workers rights
• Stopped march on DC because of Roosevelts
  executive order about hiring practices

55
Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941
• Triggered American involvement in WWII
• Bombing by Japan
• Sneak attack
• Hawaii
• Main targets were saved because they were out to
  sea
• Ninja skills

56
Internment

• Camps for Japanese Americans
• Fear of spies
• Germans, Italians
• Holding people without cause
• Mostly in the west
• Violates civil rights
• During WWII here in the US

57
Mobilization

• Assemble troops for war
• Private sector switches to wartime manufacturing
• Getting troops and supplies ready for war
• Happened very quickly after Pearl Harbor
• DRAFT
• Pulled a lot of people out of school
• Women to work
• More people volunteered than were drafted

58
Wartime Conservation

• Rationing
• Recycling drives
• Rubber
• Scrap metal
• Save supplies for troops
• Coupons
• War bonds
• Increased Patriotism

59
Rationing

• Gas
• Food items (coupon books)
• Sugar
• Coffee
• Meat
• Pantyhose
• Rubber

60
Lend-Lease Act

• Way around the Neutrality Acts
• Allowed US to aid countries that were essential
  to the safety of the USA!
• Loophole in Neutrality Acts
• Lend arms to Great Britain in return for some
  small islands and being able to set up military
  bases
• 1941

61
Battle of Midway

• Turning point of WWII in the Pacific
• Japanese plans were decoded and they lost
• Americans intercepted Japanese fighter planes
• Sunk 4 Japanese Aircraft Carriers
• Japanese never recovered after this
• June 1942

62
D-Day

• 6-6-44
• Normandy beaches
• Lots of troops
• Largest beach landing in history
• Bloodiest, longest battle of WWII
• largest use of paratroopers in combat 20,000
• Largest US involvement in the War in Europe
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Operation Overlord
• Sneak Attack

63
Battle of Berlin

• Russia against Germany
• Germans retreated to the west to surrender to GB
  and France
• 1945
• Hitler did not leave Berlin
• Committed suicide and killed his dog and wife
  killed herself
• Berlin was divided between France, Russia, GB,
  and USA

64
Atom Bomb

• Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Manhattan Project
• Los Alamos
• Decision made by Truman
• Fat Man
• Little Boy
• Ended WWII in the Pacific
• Einstein
• Enola Gay
• Started the Cold War

65
Los Alamos

• Test site of the Atomic Bomb
• New Mexico
• Manhattan Project location
• Radiation fallout
• Very secret

66
Manhattan Project

• Code name for atomic bomb testing and development
• Albert Einstein
• Los Alamos, New Mexico
• Indirect cause of the Cold War and increased
  tensions with USSR
• Building of the Atomic Bomb
• Very secret

67
Marshall Plan

• 1947-1951
• Economic aid to European countries under threat
  from the Soviets
• Led to the Berlin Airlift
• Plan to reconstruct European economies after WWII
• Made Russia angry
• Fighting the spread of communism

68
Containment

• Prevent the spread of communism
• Offspring of the Truman Doctrine
• Foreign policy after WWII and throughout the Cold
  War
• Cause of US involvement in Korea and Vietnam
• Prevent the domino effect / theory

69
Truman Doctrine

• Offered military as well as economic aid
• Aimed at protecting the world against the Domino
  Theory of the spread of communism
• Issued by President Truman
• 1947

70
Korean War

• 38th parallel divides North and South Korea
• 1950-1953
• US and other UN countries fought with South Korea
  against North Korea and China
• No real change because of outcome
• US and South winning until China came to the aid
  of North Korea
• Fighting the spread of communism

71
Chinese Civil War

• Between the communists and nationalists
• Mao Ze Dong
• Ho Chi Minh
• Communism is established in China
• 1944-1947

72
McCarthyism

• Red Scare
• Witch hunt for communists
• The Crucible
• Begun by Senator Joseph McCarthy
• Accusations were mostly unfounded
• Early 1950s
• Black listed many celebrities
• Eventually faded out

73
Cuban Revolution

• Fidel Castro
• Brought communism VERY close to home
• Allied with the Soviet Union
• Bay of Pigs
• Led to the Cuban missile crisis
• Most of the revolutionaries werent Cuban

74
Bay of Pigs

• One of JFKs biggest mistakes
• Lacked full support of the U.S. government
• Did NOT work
• 1961
• CIA did not have enough information about
  resistance
• Ended friendly relations between the US and Cuba
• Led by Cuban refugees

75
Cuban Missile Crisis

• Missiles in Cuba aimed at the United States
• Capable of reaching as far as Seattle
• 1962
• Closest we have ever come to nuclear war
• 13 Days
• Peak of the Cold War
• Soviet Union presence in Cuba for offensive
  purposes

76
Vietnam War

• US eventually pulled out
• Tet Offensive
• Agent orange
• Charlie
• Student Protests
• Across the Universe
• First US involvement in war that was not
  considered a US victory
• Vietcong
• huge anti-war movement

77
Tet Offensive

• January 1968
• 10 month long offensive against the South
  Vietnamese and the US
• Ended attrition
• Surprise attack by the Vietcong
• Won the war for North Vietnam

78
Baby Boom

• Population increase
• SEX
• Big impact on Social Security
• 1945-1965
• Peak was in 1957 4 million babies were born
• Lack of education
• Soldiers getting back from the war

79
Levittown

• Long Island
• First suburb, led to more suburbs around the
  country
• Mass production of housing
• New York
• Led to need for Highway Act
• William Levitt

80
Interstate Highway Act

• Result of increase in suburbs
• Transport military equipment
• Connect all major US cities
• Eisenhower
• 1956

81
Kennedy/Nixon presidential Debate

• First televised presidential debate
• Influenced popular opinion
• Women voted for JFK
• Kennedy was more appealing to the people
• JFK was coached on appearance and body language
• JFK had more charisma
• Nixon had more foreign policy knowledge
• 1960 election

82
TV News Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement

• Caused sympathy for the movement
• Angered Americans witnessing violence
• Caused more awareness
• Led to legislation about Civil Rights and
  individual liberties

83
Technology of the 1970s

• Personal Computer
• Beginnings of cell phones
• APPLE
• Free-standing public telephone booth
• Entertainment

84
Sputnik I

• Russian satellite
• Space race
• Increased Cold War Tensions
• 1957
• First artificial satellite
• Americans became fearful of spies
• Eisenhower

85
Jackie Robinson

• First African-American baseball player in the
  major league
• Played for the Brooklyn Dodgers
• First African American inducted into the baseball
  hall of fame
• Broke the color barrier for all professional
  sports

86
Harry Truman

• 33rd president
• Acknowledged Israel as a sovereign nation
• Issued the Truman Doctrine
• FDRs vice president
• 1945-1953
• Chose to use the atom bomb

87
Brown v. Board of Education

• Separate but equal clause is not constitutional
• Integrated schools
• Led to the Civil Rights Act
• 1954
• Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
• Third major landmark Supreme Court Case dealing
  with race
• Under the Warren Court

88
Martin Luther King, Jr.

• Civil rights leader
• Letter from Birmingham Jail
• Assassinated in Memphis 1968
• Preacher
• Non-violent
• I Have a Dream
• Very young African-American activist

89
Letter From Birmingham Jail

• MLK, Jr.
• Garnered support for non-violent protests
• Now is the time!
• Asking for support from white southern Christian
  leaders
• Call to Action for people to be non-violent

90
I Have a Dream Speech

• Washington, D.C.
• 250,000 people present
• MLK, Jr.
• Blacks and whites unite
• 1963
• Lincoln Memorial

91
Civil Rights Act of 1964
92
Voting Rights Act of 1965
93
Warren Court
94
Miranda v. Arizona
95
Assassination of President Kennedy
96
Great Society
97
Medicare
98
Tet Offensive
99
Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
100
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
101
1968 Democratic National Convention
102
SCLC
103
SNCC
104
Sit-ins
105
Freedom Rides
106
Anti-Vietnam War Movement
107
Womens Movement
108
National Organization of Women
109
United Farm Workers Movement
110
Cesar Chavez
111
Environmental Movement
112
Silent Spring
113
Rachel Carson
114
Earth Day
115
Environmental Protection Agency
116
Conservative Movement
117
Barry Goldwater
118
Richard M. Nixon
119
Roe v. Wade
120
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
121
Nixons visit to China
122
Watergate Scandal
123
Gerald Ford
124
Jimmy Carter
125
Camp David Accords
126
Iranian Revolution
127
Iranian Hostage Crisis
128
Ronald Reagan
129
Reagnomics
130
Iran-Contra Scandal
131
Collapse of the Soviet Union
132
Bill Clinton
133
North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA
134
Impeachment of Bill Clinton
135
Electoral College
136
George W. Bush
137
Operation Enduring Freedom
138
War on Terrorism
139
Operation Iraqi Freedom