Civil War

1

• Chapter 4
• Civil War

2
The Union Dissolves

• Lincoln takes office in 1861
• 7 states already have seceded from the Union
• To preserve the Union Senator John J. Crittenden
  of Kentucky, proposed the Crittenden Compromise
  in 1860.

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Crittenden Compromise

• This plan called for the old Missouri Compromise
  line to be drawn west through the remaining
  territories.
• North line slavery would be illegal
• South line slavery could expand
• Lincoln rejected the plan

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The Union Dissolves

• Lincoln wanted to end slavery however it was not
  his main objective.
• Lincoln wanted to preserve the UNION.
• Lincoln supported the part of the Crittenden
  Compromise that would protect slavery where it
  already existed.
• Lincoln insisted to Southerners that secession
  was unconstitutional.

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The Fall of Fort Sumter

• South did not want to be part of the Union.
• Confederacy took over many federal forts, mints,
  and arsenals within its borders during the
  secession crisis.

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The Fall of Fort Sumter

• Fort Sumter very important to the South.
• Had a strategic location in the harbor of
  Charleston, South Carolina.
• South needed the fort to control access to this
  major port city.
• The fort soon became the Confederates.
• Lincoln wanted the fort back but 8 more states
  threatened to secede if he attacked the
  Confederacy.

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The Fall of Fort Sumter

• Lincoln sent supplies to the fort in hopes that
  the South would fire on the ships and be the
  aggressors.
• April 12th Confederates fire on Fort Sumter
• After 34 hours the South surrenders and
  surprisingly NO one is dead.

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Choosing Sides

• North was not worried about loosing Northern
  states.
• Boarder states had to pick a side.
• Missouri and Kentucky sympathized with the South
  but never seceded.
• Maryland stays with the North.
• The mountainous counties of VA became West
  Virginia and became part of the Union.
• The Upper South's white population remained
  divided.
• Lincolns four brothers and 3 brother in laws
  fought for the Confederate Army.

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Comparing the North and the South

• North
• 22 million residents
• Controlled more than 85 of the nations industry
  and significant material resources.
• Produced military supplies and replaced lost or
  damaged equipment
• Better railroads
• Had majority of the navy.

• South
• Only had to fight a defensive war.
• Excellent military leadership
• Robert E. Lee

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Robert E. Lee

• Captured abolitionist John Brown in Harpers
  Ferry.
• Opposed Slavery and Secession
• Would NOT fight against Virginia.

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The Armies

• Native Americans and African Americans both
  served in the Union Army and Confederate Army.
• Indians serving for the Confederate Army did so
  in hopes of an all Indian state.

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1st Battle of Bull Run

• With both sides poorly trained Lincoln orders
  troops to Richmond, VA.

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Fighting at Manassas

• McDowell's troops never reach Richmond.
• Confederates met the McDowell and his Union
  troops at Manassas Junction.

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Fighting at Manassas

• General Joseph E. Johnston took his Confederate
  troops and dug in on high ground behind a creek
  known as Bull Run.
• 1st Battle of Bull Run Northerners
• Battle of Manassas Southerners
• Stonewall Jackson led the Confederates at Bull
  Run.
• 1st time people realized the war would las more
  than a few months.
• Confederates Win
• Confederates get a false hope of security
• Union becomes more determined
• Lee in charge of South and McClellan in charge of
  the North.

15
REVIEW SECTION 1

• Complete Chapter 4 Section 1 Review Questions and
  Page 74 Worksheet.

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Section 2

• The North and the South Face Off

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Strategies of War

• North's primary goal was to restore the Union.
• Lincolns plan was a 3 part strategy
• Capture Richmond, VA
• Gain control of the Mississippi River
• Institute a naval blockade of the South

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Anaconda Plan

• The naval blockade plan was called the Anaconda
  Plan.
• It was designed to slowly squeeze the life out of
  the South like an anaconda snake.

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Why did the South need the seas?

• To Buy and Sell goods
• Importing and exporting
• The North based its strategy on the Souths
  geography. The South was split by the Appalachian
  Mountains. The eastern theater lay east of the
  Appalachians, the western theater lay between
  these mountains and the Mississippi River.

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Souths Plan

• Souths plan was to capture Washington and take
  the North.
• South had to gain the support of France and Great
  Britain in order to win the war.
• The Souths strategy failed.

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Military Experience

• Both sides faced shortages of food, clothing, and
  rifles.
• Some troops did not even have uniforms.
• Lack of good shoes and warm coats.
• Food was spoiled
• Many diseases
• Influenza, pneumonia, and typhoid
• Surgery with no pain killers
• Infected wounds

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Prisoners of War

• Union prisoners were held at Andersonville,
  located in southwestern Georgia.
• No shelter and little food.
• Died at a rate of 100 a day.
• Soldiers suffer from extreme boredom,
  homesickness, and loneliness.

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The Home Front

• North
• Women replaced the male factory workers and
  farmers.
• Women work for the government as clerks, women
  work as bankers, morticians, saloon keepers, and
  steamboat captains.
• Ladies Aid Societies made bandages, bed cloths,
  and shirts for soldiers.

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The Home Front

• South
• Mary Boykin Chesnut wrote a diary of the war.
  She married James Chesnut a politician who served
  as Senator and served several terms in the
  Confederacy. Diary was published in 1905.

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The Home Front

• South
• Southerners supported the war by putting together
  parades and barbecues, then would encourage young
  men to join the army.
• Raffles and auctions to raise money
• The war was Romantic in the south.
• Inflation began to sky rocket with all the
  shortages.
• Single family dwelling, people lived on beans,
  boiled potatoes, and corn fritters.
• Social events become starvation parties with
  the only drink being water.

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Civilian Aid on the Battlefield

• Women sometimes dressed as men to help with the
  military.
• Most of the time if caught they became spies.
• Catholic nuns were among the first female
  volunteers for medical duty. They were the only
  group allowed to move freely between Union and
  Confederate lines.

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Civilian Aid on the Battlefield

• Elizabeth Blackwell- 1st professionally licensed
  female doctor in the United States. Helped run
  the U.S. Sanitary Commission.
• The U.S. Sanitary Commission helped to stop
  diseases and infections.
• Clara Barton ministered to the wounded on the
  front lines of battle. Founded the American Red
  Cross.

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Civilian Aid on the Battlefield

• Sally Louisa Tompkins was among the Confederate
  women who founded small hospitals and clinics.
  She was recognized as an officer so her hospital
  could be a military hospital.

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Opposition to the War

• Southern
• 1862 Confederacy passed the 1st conscription, or
  draft, in American History. Military volunteers
  were rapidly declining.
• President Jefferson Davis thought the draft was
  necessary.
• The majority of draftees were poor farmers and
  working people.

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Opposition to the War

• The large wealthy plantation owners did not get
  drafted. This causes tension between the North
  and South.
• A rich man's war and poor man's fight.
• Confederacy began to allow soldiers to pay
  farmers prices far below the market value.

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Opposition to the War

• Northern
• Some northerners sympathized with the South and
  urged peace.
• Some believed that the war was too costly in
  terms of money and human life.
• Draft some for some against. The ones against
  raged through African American neighborhoods
  destroyed property of wealthy republicans.

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Copperheads

• Northern democrats who sympathized with the
  Southerners. Wrote speeches and news articles to
  voice their concerns.
• In an attempt to stop the Copperheads President
  Lincoln suspended some civil liberties, including
  constitutional right of habeas corpusa
  protection against unlawful imprisonment.
  Copperheads were arrested and held with out
  trial.

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Review

• Review Section 2 Questions
• Page 81