U.S. EOC Review PART II

1
U.S. EOC ReviewPART II
2
American Imperialism (Turn of 20th Century)

• Post-Civil War, most Am. showed little interest
  in expanding their nations territory
  international influence. Instead, they focused on
  reconstructing the South, building up the
  nations industries settling the West.
• Beginning in the 1880s, however, American
  opinion began to shift. More people wanted to
  make the United States a world power.
• Reasons for imperialism new markets, more
  materials, manifest destiny/anglo-saxonism, and
  The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
• Imperialism- the economic and political
  domination of a strong nation over other weaker
  nations.
• At the time, there was economic military
  competition from other powerful nations (Germany,
  France, England, and Russia were all expanding
  and imperializing other weaker nations) they
  were all competing to become the worlds
  superpower America, having just industrialized,
  was not about to fall behind.
• Alfred Mahan argued for building a modern navy,
  support for this grew in the late 1800s to avoid
  being shut out of foreign markets.

3
REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM

• ECONOMIC REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM Actions in the
  Pacific/Latin America were primarily taken to
  improve the U.S. economically.
• ECONOMIC REASONS No one (1) country has all the
  rubber, tin, oil, and other resources it takes to
  maintain a good economy.
• Because factories depend on raw materials to make
  their products, it was necessary to go out and
  find more and more raw materials.
• The question thus became What countries have
  stuff and are they weak enough for America to
  politically and economically (and sometimes
  militarily) exploit them? Asia and the Caribbean
  provided the answer to that question.
• In a sense, this fed right along with the ideas
  of Social Darwinism powerful nations most
  adapted, weaker nations less adapted and
  therefore destined to be dominated and exploited.
• Also, the US made a lot of stuff during the
  industrial era. There were only so many Americans
  who would buy it. In order to sell to more,
  American businessmen needed to go out and find
  more and more countries to open up trade with.
• MORAL REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM- Manifest Destiny-
  the idea that God destined America to keep
  expanding and that it is Americas moral purpose
  to spread civilization and American
  Christianity throughout the world, especially
  the weaker ones who were misfortunate by not
  having these advancements.

4
CAUSES SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

• Cuba Cuba was an important and highly profitable
  sugar cane colony of Spain. Beginning in the
  1890s, the US and Cuba had an agreement where
  they would be allowed to set up sugar cane
  plantations, railroads and mines in Cuba (with
  Spanish permission, of course). For a long time,
  trade with the US helped fuel the Cuban economy,
  until in the late 1890s Cuba hit a depression.
  Soon, Cubans started calling out for independence
  from Spain.
• Led by rebel Jose Marti, the Cubans began a
  revolution for their independence, free from
  Spain. But the rebellion was brutally crushed by
  Spanish forces there were many war atrocities,
  including mass killings and concentration camps
  in Cuba.
• News of these atrocities reached the US via
  yellow journalism (sensational news stories),
  this angered Americans enough to hate Spain.
• In addition, many Cuban rebels purposely wrecked
  American-owned property in Cuba (railroads and
  factories) in order to influence wealthy business
  owners to cry for war.
• Many Americans wanted war with Spain would use
  any excuse to start it. In March 1898, the USS
  Maine, an American navy ship, blew up off of the
  Havana Harbor, Cuba, and immediately the US
  blamed Spain. On April 19, 1898, the US declared
  war on Spain.

5
Consequences The Spanish-American War

• Fighting in Cuba for the Americans was not as
  easy as they expected. Many died from disease
  caused by unsanitary war conditions more
  American soldiers died as a result of disease
  than actual combat. Soon, Teddy Roosevelt, then
  Secretary of the Navy, quit his high-paying job
  to start a group called the rough riders, a
  cavalry unit made up of cowboys and miners.
  Their courageous war efforts boosted the Am.
  advance along with the navy, helped defeat
  Spain the Spanish surrendered on Aug. 12 1898.
  TR would emerge with the medal of honor and
  labeled a war hero.
• Philippines The US also helped the Philippines
  gain independence from Spain. However, there was
  much disagreement between the US and the
  Filipinos as how the Philippines would be
  controlled, and if the US should stay behind.
  After much tension, the US, deciding not to annex
  the Philippines, left the island in 1902.
  Although it took until 1946 to finally grant them
  full independence, the US let the Philippines
  become its own independent country, without
  annexing it.
• Because of the Spanish-American War, the US was
  able to acquire Guam (territory), the
  Philippines, and Puerto Rico (commonwealth).
  Cuba was free (but really became a
  protectorate) Guam and Puerto Rico were
  annexed, therefore the U.S. became a world
  power. More importantly, the Spanish-American war
  kicked out most of the original colonial powers
  from the Western hemisphere and solidified the
  U.S. as the dominant power of the hemisphere.

Platt Amendment the amendment that made Cuba a
protectorate of the US after the Spanish-
American War
6
Reasons for building Panama Canal

• Because of the Spanish-American war, the US
  realized that they needed a quicker route from
  the Pacific to the Atlantic ocean. The US navy
  would be much more efficient if a shortcut could
  be found. The Panama Canal, if built, would
  reduce travel time drastically.
• In addition, ownership of the Panama Canal would
  mean that the US could make a lot of money and
  possess a lot of influence as the country who
  possesses the key to door to the Pacific and
  Atlantic. It would also increase and make easier
  American trade with other countries.
• President Teddy Roosevelt pushed for the building
  of the Panama Canal at all costs.
• Teddy Roosevelt needed the Panama Canal built and
  for America to make its presence known throughout
  the world. After some political and naval
  maneuvering, the US was able to obtain from
  Colombia (the original owners of the isthmus of
  Panama where the canal was to be built) the
  isthmus of Panama. American then, after long
  years and work, built the canal!

The Canal proved difficult because of Yellow
Fever (viral) and malaria (bacterial). The
imported workforce kept dying.
7
Roosevelt Corollary

• Increased involvement in world affairs and an
  increased interest in building the Panama Canal
  lead Roosevelt to issue the Roosevelt Corollary,
  in which he said that the US would intervene in
  Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain
  economic and political stability in the Western
  hemisphere He called it the Big Stick Policy.
• Im going to build a canal, so stay away! Spain
  and any power who wants to intervene in the
  Americas has to deal with the United States!
• This statement of intent is a reminder to the
  rest of the world of the earlier stated (81 years
  earlier!) Monroe Doctrine of 1823, which also
  warned the world powers of the world to stay out
  of the western hemisphere.
• After Teddy Roosevelt, the next president,
  William Howard Taft, adopted dollar diplomacy,
  which agreed to financially aid Panama out of
  troubles in order to protect American interests
  in Panama (specifically, the Panama Canal, of
  course).

8
Chinas Open Door Policy

• China had remained a traditional society up until
  the late 1800s. In 1894, China lost a war against
  newly modernized Japan and made China realize
  they too needed to modernize and begin trade with
  other foreign nations.
• China, just having lost a war, was in a weak
  state and therefore easy to take advantage of.
  The US convinced China that if it needed to
  modernize and recover, then it had to open up
  its doors to the rest of the world.
• Open Door Policy- an international economic
  policy in which China opened up its doors for
  trade to the rest of the world.
• China, though weak at the time, contained on its
  land some of the worlds best resources. When
  China opened up its doors, all the superpowers
  went in established their own economic zones
  within the country these zones were called
  spheres of influence.
• In a sphere of influence, a foreign country comes
  into China and sets up their own economic zone
  within China in this zone the foreign power
  controls the economy (although politically the
  land still belongs to China).
• Exploitation of Chinese resources began and many
  Chinese nationalists were angered.

9
The Progressive Era 1890-1920

• Progressivism was primarily a reaction against
  laissez-faire economics its emphasis was on a
  more regulated market increased government
  intervention.
• Progressives also believed that government could
  and should fix societys problems.
• The Progressive Era marks a time when numerous
  laws and reform are passed to deal with social
  and economic problems in favor of those
  struggling.
• A muckraker is journalist who exposed social
  problems such as horrible living conditions, bad
  working conditions, and political. corruption.
  After exposure, many times laws and regulation
  would get passed as a result.
• Example Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, which
  exposed the dangerous and uncleanliness of the
  meatpacking industry. His muckraking led to the
  passing of the Meat Inspection Act and government
  regulation of food and drugs.
• Jacob Riis wrote the book How the other half
  lives about the dirty and awful living
  conditions of NYCs slum tenement housing. He
  also criticized the abundance of alcohol and
  saloons in the cities.
• Ida Tarbell- a woman, a muckraker that brought
  down Standard Oil (Rockafeller)
• A small group of Socialists believed in
  government ownership of business.

10
Progressivism Women Suffrage

• Suffrage means the right to vote.
• After many years of struggle for women, and
  numerous failed attempts to pass women's suffrage
  amendments, women were finally granted the right
  to vote by 1919.
• In 1919, the amendment passed (barely).
• Women were granted the right to vote through the
  19th amendment.
• WOMEN IN THE 1920s
• Women had recently been given the right to vote
  (suffrage) by the 19th Amendment in 1919, though
  it was not effective until 1920.
• Women also used the freedom of the times to live
  a more free and fulfilling life. More women were
  going to college and as a result many women were
  inspired to pursue careers challenge
  traditional values.

11
Florida and Industry

• Henry Flagler (railroads and hotels- tourism)
• Cigars in Ybor City
• Railroad construction to Key West
• Jose Marti- a Cuban revolutionary who helped to
  stir up support for the Cubans in the Spanish
  American War. He was important to the large Cuban
  population of Florida.

12
Causes for WWI

• ALLIANCE SYSTEM In Europe, many countries had
  been creating alliances with and against one
  another (often in secret).
• Triple Alliance Germany Austria Hungary
  Italy
• Triple Entente Fr Russia GB
• GROWING NATIONALISM There was also growing
  nationalism within nations, or jingoism, which
  means extreme pride in ones country.
• MILITARIZATION AND ARMS RACES The British the
  Prussians (Germans) competed in a naval arms race
  to see who could produce the worlds largest
  navy.
• Similarly, many countries competed with each
  other to out-militarize each other. Massive
  militarization efforts began, with each proud
  European country ready to show off its muscle,
  and maybe actually use it.
• Europe was primed ready for war.
• On October 1914, The assassination of
  Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a
  Serbian nationalist sparked a war between the
  Central Allied powers of Europe.

Allied Powers Central Powers
Russia Britain France Italy (switches sides) Germany Austria-Hungary Italy (part of Triple Alliance but goes to Allies)
Serbia Ottoman Empire
13
REASONS why the US got involved in WWI

• UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE
• Woodrow Wilson refused to get involved, even
  after 128 Americans were killed when a U-boat
  (German submarine) sunk a British passenger ship
  called the Lusitania.
• A year later, a U-boat torpedoed a French
  passenger ship, injuring several Americans.
  Wilson told Germany to quit unrestricted
  submarine warfare or prepare to fight the US.
  Germany actually did NOT want the US getting
  involved.
• To avoid gaining a new enemy, Germany signed the
  Sussex Pledge, which stated that Germany would
  not sink anymore merchant ships without warning.
  
• ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
• A German official, Arthur Zimmerman, sent a
  telegram to the Ambassador in Mexico promising
  him Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, if, in
  return, they would help Germany launch an attack
  on the Americans.
• But the telegram never made it to Mexico the
  telegram fell into the hands of the British, who
  quickly leaked it to the American newspapers.
• Americans were furious.
• After its publication, Germany resumed
  unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking 6
  additional US merchant ships.
• In April 1917 Wilson requested that Congress
  declare war on Germany. They did.
• MINI REASON We had cultural ties with GB knew
  they needed our help against Ger.

14
US Home Front MOBILIZING WWI

• US not prepared in 1917. US needed the 3 Ms men
  (soldiers), materials, and money!!!
• Selective Service Act 1917- (draft) Although
  many men volunteered to serve in the war, there
  was still a shortage. In response, the government
  created a conscription (forced military service)
  system that required all men from 21-30 to
  register for the draft. A lottery would then
  select the draftees. Approximately 2.8 million
  men were drafted for WWI.
• War Industries Board (WIB)- A government agency
  set up to coordinate the production of war
  materials. It controlled the flow of war
  materials, ordered the construction of new
  factories important for war supplies, and
  occasionally set prices.
• National War Labor Board- made sure that disputes
  between workers and bosses did not disrupt war
  production.
• Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds to pay for the
  war. The US needed money to pay for the soldiers,
  the factories, and the materials. They used a
  bond system Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds.
  Americans would buy the bond, like a mini-loan to
  the US government, and would be able to redeem it
  later for more than it was worth.
• Fuel Administration- to conserve energy, such as
  coal and oil, for the war.
• Daylight savings, shortening hours of factories
  that made non-essentials, Heatless Mondays.
• Food Administration- to conserve food for
  soldiers.
• Victory Gardens, Meatless Mondays, Wheatless
  Wednesdays, etc.

15
U.S. HOME FRONT SELLING WAR

• The Committee on Public Information was
  responsible for selling the war to Americans.
  Their job was to create propaganda (music,
  movies, artists) to sway public opinion in
  support of the war.
• PUNISHING OPPOSITION TO THE WAR SILENCING ANY
  CRITICISM
• Espionage Act established penalties and prison
  term for anyone who gave aid to the enemy. The
  act also penalized disloyalty.
• Sedition Act made illegal any public expression
  in opposition of the war. In practice, it made
  illegal any criticism of the president and
  government.
• These laws were upheld by the Supreme Court when
  they argued that government could limit free
  speech if speech presented a clear and present
  danger.
• The Supreme Court ruled in favor of limiting free
  speech in the case of Schenck v. the US. You
  cant yell fire in a crowed theatre, it puts
  people in danger. Therefore, you cant speak out
  against the war, it puts America, and our
  soldiers, in danger of losing the war.

16
Minority Roles during WWI

• Women on the home front - for the first time
  women served in the armed forces, but in
  non-combat positions nurses and
  secretaries/clerical work, mostly.
• Once men came back after the war, however, female
  employment dropped once again. Women generally
  went back to their domestic roles at home,
  cooking and cleaning.
• NOTE This is in contrast to WWII, where many
  women kept their jobs after the war.
• African Americans in the military- about 400,000
  blacks were drafted. Only about 42,000 served in
  combat.
• Units were racially segregated and black soldier
  were always placed under white officers.
• Both women African Americans served separately
  from white male soldiers.
• African Americans on the home front- With so many
  job openings at home during the war, African
  Americans were able to obtain jobs they had never
  had the opportunity to obtain before.
• The job opportunities in industrial jobs up north
  led to a mass migration, or the great migration
  of African Americans from the south to northern
  cities.

17
Fighting the War

• The first airplanes and tanks were used in this
  war.
• The Germans used poison gas, causing the allies
  to invent gas masks
• The first rapid-fire machine gun
• Fought with trench warfare

18
Wilsons Fourteen Points The League of Nations

• Wilsons plan to bring justice to all peoples and
  nationalities The Fourteenth Point created a
  general association of nations, called for the
  establishment of the League of Nations, a
  peacekeeping international organization meant to
  help preserve peace and prevent future wars by
  pledging to respect and protect each others
  territory and political independence. Wilsons
  Fourteen Points was criticized by the Allied
  governments, as well as our own government, as
  too lenient toward Germany. It was never fully
  adopted by the Allied governments, who wanted to
  punish Germany severely for WWI.
• THE US SENATE REJECTS WILSONS FOURTEENTH POINT,
  THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
• The fourteenth point of Wilsons Fourteen Points,
  created a general association of nations, called
  the League of Nations, to help preserve peace and
  prevent future wars by pledging to respect and
  protect each others territory and political
  independence.
• In opposition of Wilson, The U.S. Senate rejected
  the League of Nations
• The Senate was worried that the Treaty of
  Versailles, specifically the League of Nations,
  would eliminate the right of the US to go to war
  when it deemed it necessary, not when the League
  did.
• In short, the Senate worried that the League
  would interfere with Americas ability to act
  independently in world affairs, which would then
  force an entangling alliance with Europeans and
  all of their affairs.
• The League of Nations was formed in Europe the
  U.S. stayed did not join (despite it being
  Wilsons idea!).

19
TREATY OF VERSAILLES

• Despite Wilsons warnings, the Allied governments
  decided to make the Germans sign a harsh treaty.
  Establishment of The League of Nations, one of
  the only parts the Allied governments Wilson
  agreed about, was adopted into the treaty
  (armistice- ceasefire or surrender).
• The Treaty of Versailles (for Germany)
• Stripped Germany of its Armed Forces and prevent
  them from establishing a new one in the future.
• Made Germany pay 33 billions in war reparations
  to the Allies (the sum was far beyond what
  Germany could afford and later put them into a
  depression).
• Required Germany to admit guilt for the outbreak
  of the war and devastation caused (made Germans
  resent Allied powers for many years to come).
• The long term effects of the Treaty of Versailles
  will not be seen until the late 1920s.
• It made reparations too high for the Germans-
  they werent able to pay them. Which means that
  France and Britain werent able to pay the US
  back for wartime loans. (On top of this, the US
  foolishly raised tariffs in the 1920s, which
  further reduced the financial ability of European
  countries to pay back loans or make moneyThis is
  a major reason that the Great Depression
  happened.)
• The Treaty of Versailles left many Germans bitter
  and poor- in short, perfectly primed to accept a
  Fascist dictator.

20
Preventing future World Wars

• THE WASHINGTON NAVAL CONFERENCE
• The world's popular mood was peace and
  disarmament throughout the 1920s.
• At the end of the Great War( WWI), the Americans
  and Japanese were rapidly building expensive new
  warships in competition with one another.
• Observers (concerned countries and allies of both
  Japan and the USA) increasingly pointed to the
  American-Japanese rivalry for control of the
  Pacific Ocean as a long-term threat to world
  peace.
• To stop a needless, expensive and possibly
  dangerous arms and naval race, the major
  countries signed a series of naval disarmament
  agreements at The Washington Naval Conference,
  which led to an effective end to building new
  battleship fleets (and those few ships that were
  built were limited in size and armament).
• The Treaties made during the Washington
  Conference the Four Power, Five Power, Nine
  Power treaties all dealt with keeping peace in
  the Pacific Ocean.
• KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT
• The 1928 Pact renounced the use of war and called
  for the peaceful settlement of disputes. It was
  an agreement by all countries who signed it to
  avoid any aggressive conflicts and/or military
  action it essentially (though not very
  realistically), outlawed war.

21
US Attitude 1920s (The Roaring Twenties)

• America returned to Normalcy (normal times,
  unlike WWI) after the horrors of WWI and the
  social changes of the Progressive Era.
• This meant that the US adopted a policy of
  Isolation in foreign policy and laissez-faire in
  domestic economic policies.
• Generally, the economy prospered during the early
  and mid 1920s.
• Socially, a return to American values was
  desired by American fundamentalists, or those
  that advocated a return to Christian values. But
  many people were disillusioned by WW1 and had
  money from the war-gt new morality
• Scopes Monkey Trial (1925) biology teacher
  Scopes taught evolution in schools rather than
  creationism, which went against Tennessees
  Butler Act law that made it illegal to teach
  evolutionism in a state-funded school
• A more powerful movement calling for the band of
  alcohol also gained significance and by 1919,
  Prohibition, or the ban of alcohol, was enacted
  with the 18th amendment (carried out by the
  Volstead act). The 21st Amendment repealed
  Prohibition.
• All of this did not stop a new rebellious young
  culture from emerging though!
• A New Morality also arose at this time (e.g.
  flappers rebellious short-haired women, womens
  voting rights, working opportunities not stay at
  home cooking!, living a free single life,
  driving around in cars, dancing to ragtime,
  listening to Jazz and Blues)

22
US Attitude 1920s (The Roaring Twenties)

• They were called the roaring twenties because
  of the economic boom that occurred as a result of
  return to Laissez-faire and normalcy. Industry
  boomed, thanks to mass production. Since people
  had money, they bought stuff. A lot of stuff. If
  they didnt have the money right then, they
  bought on credit or used the installment plan
  (think layaway at Walmart).
• People bought too much though, and soon the
  entire economy would collapse because of
  overproduction and consumerism.
• Due to the conservative backlash of the 1920s
  (red scare, return to laissez-faire and normalcy)
  the KKK experienced a resurgence at the time. It
  was huge! It was able to earn this popularity due
  to one of the first uses of modern marketing! The
  KKK hired professional advertisers and marketers,
  an example of how consumerist the 1920s had
  become.
• However, because of scandals within the
  organization, it declined in popularity.
• A few Floridians became quite popular in the
  1920s- both female writers, one black Zora Neale
  Hurston, who told folk stories in authentic
  voices and one white Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings,
  who wrote about the struggle of life in the wilds
  of florida (the Yearling).

23
US Isolation

• After WWI, most Americans wanted to avoid future
  wars by avoiding involvement in European affairs.
• In foreign policy, the US wanted isolation- to be
  left alone and to leave others alone. This
  attitude is illustrated in multiple ways
• The US refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles,
  it did not want to be roped into other countries
  problems
• High tariffs. The US used the tariffs as economic
  walls, blocking it off from other countries,
  hoping that the tariffs would help expand
  American industry and the American economy.
• Increased nativism against immigration,
  especially from Southern/Eastern Europe.
• Ex Emergency Quota Act National Origins Act of
  1924 -immigration is getting more restrictive
  post-WWI
• Sacco Vanzetti Case Italian immigrants
  radicals arrested for robbery/murder sentenced
  to death executed 1927 represented strong
  nativism fear of anarchists/Red Scare of the
  1920s

24
Effect of US isolation on Europe

• IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO NOTE- the high tariffs
  passed by the US interfered with the ability of
  countries like Ger, GB Fr to make enough to
  pay back their war debtsThe tariffs essentially
  caused a stoppage of internationally circulating
  money-a cause of the Great Depression.
• AN EXCEPTION TO US ECONOMIC ISOLATION
• Dawes Plan- because many of the Eur. countries,
  including Ger., were having trouble repaying
  their war reparations (as agreed upon in the
  Treaty of Versailles) the US began an economic
  aid program to provide short term economic
  benefits to the Ger. eco. It softened the burdens
  of war reparations, stabilized the currency, and
  brought increased foreign investments and loans
  to the Ger. market.
• However, it made the Ger. Eco. dependent on
  foreign markets and economies, and therefore
  problems with the U.S. economy (e.g. the Great
  Depression) would later severely hurt Ger. as
  well.
• LOOKING AHEAD TO THE RISE OF HITLER
• The fact that the Great Depression was SO bad in
  Ger. was a reason that Hitler was able to rise to
  power-people were desperate and his message was
  hopeful to Ger.

25
1920s US Domestic Economy

• Generally, the US enjoyed economic prosperity
  during the 1920s.
• Laissez-Faire- Let them do. In other words, the
  US government had as few restrictions on
  industry.
• In combination with the creation of the Assembly
  Line (new more efficient ways of producing goods
  faster and cheaper than ever before) and the
  resulting Mass Production that came out of it,
  the US was able to create a situation where jobs
  were plentiful, wages were fairly high (because
  manufacturers could afford to pay them), and
  prices were low.
• Henry Fords assembly line process for making
  cars increased production/efficiency by dividing
  the job into simple tasks.
• This created the ultimate consumer culture-
  Americans had money, or credit and installment
  plans, and they wanted a lot of things and ended
  up spending (or borrowing) a lot.
• Unions declined during the 1920s in part because
  many corporations instituted welfare capitalism.

26
Harlem Renaissance

• African Americans had moved from the south to the
  north in large numbers during WWI due to the
  number of jobs made available by the war (the
  first mass migration). They settled in
  concentrated numbers in large cities like New
  York (Harlem) and Chicago.
• This conglomeration of people brought their art,
  music, and dance styles from black culture and
  from it emerged the Harlem Renaissance- was an
  artistic and cultural movement (including music,
  poetry, art, literature, etc.) of the 1920s that
  originated out of urban Harlem.

• WRITERS

• Langston Hughes
• Zora Neale Hurston
• Claude McKay
• Jean Toomer

• INTELLECTUALS

• Alan LeRoy Locke
• W. E. B. DuBois
• Marcus Garvey

27
Booker T. Washington WEB Du Bois

• The two most notable African American activists
  in the 1920s were Booker T. Washington and WEB Du
  Bois.
• Booker T. Washington believed that
  African-Americans needed to concentrate on
  attaining education and financial prosperity
  before demanding political rights.
• WEB Du Bois (who founded the NAACP) demanded an
  immediate protection and equality of
  African-Americans through political means.
• One thing they both agreed on, however, was the
  need for the African-American community to
  produce great black leaders.
• Another notable black rights figure is Marcus
  Garvey- believing true justice would never be
  obtained in America, he advocated a
  Back-to-Africa movement, in which called upon
  blacks to return to the land they were taken
  from rather than having to put up with
  discrimination persecution in the US.

28
Causes of the Great Depression

• The effects of the Great Depression were felt
  across the world. Not only did it lead to the New
  Deal in America but more significantly, it was a
  direct cause of the rise of extremism in Germany
  leading to World War II.
• 1. Stock Market Crash of 1929
• Leading up to the stock market crash of 1929,
  there had a been a long bull market, or market
  where stocks are on the rise. In October 1929,
  the stock marketed plummeted and overconfident
  and heavily invested stockholders lost tens of
  billions of dollars. The stock prices fell
  because investors began to sell their stock.
  People were buying their stock on margin, putting
  them in the hole to brokers as well
• 2. Overproduction
• American businesses earned record profits after
  WWI and during the 1920s American businesses
  then reinvested much of these profits into
  expanding their business. The problem was, that
  at that time, the tariff was raised to 60 what
  this meant was that trade with other countries
  decreased, as did, in retaliation, their tariff
  rates. LESS TRADE NO ONE TO SELL AMERICAN
  PRODUCTS TO SURPLUS/OVERPRODUCTION. With so
  many business now unable to rely on international
  trade, they were not able to pay back many of the
  loans they had borrowed from banks for production
  costs.
• 3.Bank Failures
• Throughout the 1930s over 9,000 banks failed.
  Bank deposits were uninsured and, thus, as banks
  failed, people lost their savings. Surviving
  banks, unsure of the economic situation and
  concerned for their own survival, stopped being
  as willing to give out new loans. The Federal
  Reserve contributed to the Depression by lowering
  loan rates. This provided incentives for large
  loans to be taken out and these were often spent
  on risky investments speculation.
• 4. Reduction in Purchasing Across the Board
• With the stock market crash and widespread bank
  failure, people stopped purchasing items. This
  then led to a reduction in the number of items
  produced and thus a reduction in the workforce.
  The unemployment rate rose above 25 which meant,
  of course, even less spending to help alleviate
  the economic situation. ALSO HIGH TARIFFS
  REDUCED WORLD TRADE.
• 5. Drought Conditions
• While not a direct cause of the Great Depression,
  the drought that occurred in the Mississippi
  Valley in 1930 was of such proportions that many
  farmer could not even pay their taxes or other
  debts and had to sell their farms for no profit
  because the soil had dried up. The dried up
  region of the Mississippi Valley was nicknamed
  "The Dust Bowl. ? Many headed West (Grapes of
  Wrath)

29
Hoovers Response to the Great Depression

• HOOVERS IDEOLOGY
• Hoover was a strong laissez-faire advocate he
  believed in a balanced budget and not pumping
  government money into the economy, which he
  thought would lead to inflation.
• Hoover opposed direct federal government relief
  because he though only the state/city governments
  should be responsible for that.
• He believed in "rugged individualism," which
  relies on the individual, the churches and
  private charities, and the local and state
  governments to handle most of the economic help
  that was needed. While not believing in
  government assistance, Hoover did try and give
  much of his personal money to charity and
  encouraged Americans to do the same.
• HOOVERS RESPONSE TO THE DEPRESSION
• During Hoovers Administration (despite Hoovers
  personally beliefs about government intervention
  in the economy) the government spent 1.5 billion
  a year on public works and relief in the
  following ways (1) road, public-building, and
  airport-construction projects, (2) increasing the
  countrys credit facilities, strengthening
  the banking system. (3) direct relief, 300
  million, to the states for relief.
• Congress during the Hoover presidency, most
  significantly, established the Reconstruction
  Finance Corporation, or RFC, which created an
  agency to help banks, railroads, and other key
  businesses to stay in business thus helping the
  economy.
• All of these things, however, could not stem the
  tide of the economic collapse.

30
Hoovervilles and Bonus Army

• In appreciation of WWI veterans, the US
  government promised returning veterans a 1000
  bonus to be given to them in the year 1945.
• By 1931, though, many veterans were feeling the
  effects of the depression and demanded their
  1000 bonus be given to them immediately and not
  have to wait until 1945.
• Thousands of veterans, known as the bonus army
  or bonus marchers, marched to Washington DC,
  where they camped in Hoovervilles (a term
  generally used for the slums, or shantytowns
  shacks for which Hoover was blamed for during
  the Great Depression).
• President Hoover ordered troops to break up the
  Hooverville gunshots and fires went off, two
  veterans were killed in the chaos. The scene
  received nationwide press coverage and showed
  newsreel images of veterans being assaulted by
  the presidents troops.
• This event made the already unpopular President
  look like a villain. Public opinion of Hoover
  dropped significantly.

31
FDR Keynesianism

• FDRs political ideology Keynesianism ALL ABOUT
  GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN THE ECONOMY
• Keynesianism argues that that the solution to
  the Great Depression was to stimulate the economy
  through some combination of two approaches
• 1. A reduction in interest rates (by reducing the
  interest rate at which the central bank lends
  money to commercial banks, the government sends a
  signal to commercial banks that they should do
  the same for their customers.
• 2. Government investment in infrastructure
  (investment by government in infrastructure
  injects income into the economy by creating
  business opportunity and employment).

32
FDR THE NEW DEAL

• To fight the Depression, Roosevelt believed that
  the 1st thing that had to be done was restore
  public confidence in the banks (FDR continued
  with bank holidays and his fireside chats). And,
  the Securities Exchange Commission was created
  to regulate the stock market. Relief efforts were
  even focused on artists with the Federal Number
  One program employing people in the Arts.
• The New Deal was a series of economic programs
  enacted in the United States between 1933 and
  1945.
• The programs were in response to the Great
  Depression and focused on the 3 Rs Relief,
  Recovery, and Reform.
• That is, Relief for the unemployed and poor
  Recovery of the economy to normal levels and
  Reform of the financial system to prevent a
  repeat depression.

33
New Deal Programs (Yes, you must learn all of
them!)
34
What Ended the Great Depression?

• Although The New Deal may have helped alleviate
  much of the effects of the Great Depression, most
  economists and historians do not credit the New
  Deal with having necessarily ended it.
• Most economists and historians argue that it was
  World War II that was really responsible for the
  change in the economy and the end of the
  depression.
• While America remained isolationist during the
  war, the allied countries at war needed supplies
  and looked to America to make them.
• After Pearl Harbor was bombed on December 7,
  1941, America entered the war., which meant that
  by then the U.S. enlisted more than 10 million
  men and women into the military. With so many
  fighting abroad in the war, jobs were left for
  those at home to work in the factories to make
  supplies for the war effort.
• The desperate need for soldiers, pilots, and
  workers to make, quickly and in mass numbers,
  ammunition, weaponry, and air/sea craft all
  contributed to the end of the Great Depression.
• During the war more than 12 million Americans
  were sent into the military, and a similar number
  were created in defense-related jobs. Those war
  jobs (domestic and military) seemingly took care
  of the 17 million unemployed in 1939.