Gaining%20from%20Migration:%20Policy%20Proposals%20for%20Migration%20and%20Development

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Gaining from Migration Policy Proposals for
Migration and Development

• Experts Meeting on Migration and Development,
  Brussels
• 28 March 2007

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The OECD Development Centre
A bridge between

• OECD members and their partners
• Governing Board open to non-OECD members
  Brazil, Chile, India, Romania, South Africa,
  Thailand
• research and economic policy
• Intellectual autonomy, not constrained by
  consensus
• different policy communities
• Focus on all development policies, not just
  development assistance
• various actors governments, firms, NGOs
• Informal dialogue, capacity building

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Objectives of the Gaining from Migration Project

• Better understand the new mobility system
• Identify policies to improve mobility management
  and enable integration
• Expand options for engaging sending countries
• Build a shared vision

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Gaining from Migration Key Outputs
Final Report (proposals for managing a new
mobility system)
Evaluative reviews what do we know about
Policy Briefs synthesising policy lessons
regarding

• Migration, employment, growth
• Challenges for integration
• Diaspora networks
• Migration and development

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Gaining from Migration Regional and Country Case
Studies

• Sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, Central
  Europe
• Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Moldova
• Ghana, Mali
• Morocco, Turkey
• Ecuador
• India

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Inputs into the Policy Process
Jan 06 1st Experts Meeting
Jul 06 2nd Experts Meeting
Mar 07 3rd Experts Meeting
July 07 Global Forum on Migration and Development
March 07 Haut Conseil de Coopération
Internationale
May 07 World Bank Conference
April 07 Euro-Mediterranean Conference
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Key Messages Migration and Development

• The impact of migration on sending countries
  development varies over time and across countries
  
• Mobility of the low-skilled contributes most to
  poverty reduction
• Migrants of all skill levels fill gaps in OECD
  countries, with minimal negative effects on wages
  and unemployment

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Key Messages Policy Innovations

1. Look at migration policies through a development
   lens
2. Integrate international migration into
   development strategies
3. Overhaul the organisation of migration management
4. Make policies more coherent for more effective
   management

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The Migration Life Cycle
Migrations Effect on Growth and Poverty Reduction
Phase Labour supply Productivity Remittances Growth Poverty Reduction
Exit - - 0/- 0/- -
Adjustment 0/- ? 0/ 0/- 0/-
Consolidation 0
Networking 0 0/
Return ? - ? ?
Source OECD (2007)
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Europe attracts fewer highly educated migrants
Source OECD Database on Expatriates and
Immigrants, 2004
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Less-educated migrants dont come from the
poorest countries
Source Data from OECD Database on Expatriates
and Immigrants, 2004 WDI authors analysis.
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Percent of Tertiary Educated Population in OECD
Countries
Source OECD Database on Expatriates and
Immigrants, 2004
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Highly-Educated Migrants from Eastern and Central
Europe
Red N America Green EU 15 Blue other Europe
Yellow Other
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Estimates of the Irregular Migrant Stock
thousands of pop. Year (years since regularisation)
Japan 210 0.2 2005
United States 10 300 3.6 2004 (18)
Netherlands 125-230 0.8-1.4 2004
Spain 690 1.6 2005 (4)
Italy 700 1.2 2002 (4)
Greece 370 3.4 2001 (3)
Portugal 185 1.8 2001 (6)
Subsequent regularisations not accounted for
in these estimates.
Source OECD 2005.
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Major developing country diasporas in the EU
Foreign-born or foreign () populations Source
OECD International Migration Outlook 2006.
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Reported Remittances Sent per Migrant (2000)
Source IMF Balance of Payments Statistics and UN
Trends in Migrant Stock.
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(1) Look at migration policies through a
development lens
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High-skill migration an important driver for
growth and innovation

• Emigration of highly-skilled persons can be
  beneficial for sending countries.
• Compensation schemes and recruiting restraints
  hard to administer and usually ineffective.
• Potential for general guidelines of recruitment
  and partnership arrangements.
• Multiple entry visas, temporary work schemes and
  subsidisation of replenishment activities.

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Low-skill migration an important driver for
poverty reduction

• Low-skill migration has greater impact on poverty
  reduction than migration of professionals.
• Only 17 of low-skilled migrants in the EU15 come
  from low income countries.
• Dominant destination of low-skilled migrants is
  other developing countries.
• Temporary migration likely to be chosen over
  permanent settlement if costs are not too high.

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Smart visa policies for legal migration and
development

• Proliferation of temporary employment schemes
  joint management in 57 out of 92 countries.
• Limitations of specific duration guest worker
  programmes
• Multiple entry visas device to ease return and
  circularity.
• Continuous and active monitoring of contracting
  arrangements.
• Pre-departure training and language courses.

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Remittances who benefits?

• The poor if
• Poorer families migrate
• Poor overseas migrants remit
• Potential gains depend on admission criteria,
  duration of absence , family separation,
  intention to return.
• Migration of highly skilled who settle
  permanently abroad with their families bring
  little by way of remittances to the home country.
• Non-receiving households benefit through
  multiplier and market integration effects.

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Remittances how to expand benefits?

• Remittances not a substitute for development
  assistance.
• Lower the cost of transfers a priority for EU
  Member States.
• Provide improved access and innovative financial
  instruments.
• Codéveloppement involve migrants and their
  associations

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(2) Integrate international migration into
development strategies
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Integrating International Migration into
Development Strategies

• For sending countries integrate migration into
• macroeconomic,
• human resource management,
• higher education,
• infrastructure and
• South-South policy initatives

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Integrating International Migration into
Development Strategies

• For EU Member States
• use partnership arrangements to interlink more
  effectively recruitment with capacity building
  and development in sending countries.

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Effective partnerships

• Partnerships a vehicle for maximising gains and
  minimising risks of international migration?
• OECD countries commit themselves to rethinking
  migration policies conducive to development, and
  development assistance for capacity building
• Sending countries commit themselves to mainstream
  migration and remittances into national
  development strategies

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Enabling Diasporas

• Social and Economic Integration
• Knowledge of job opportunities
• Accessing social services
• Vectors of Trade and Investment
• Transnational networks create trade opportunities
• Preference for home-produced goods
• Development Co-operation
• Engage diasporas networks to facilitate return
  migrants
• Migrant networks to foster virtual return
• Co-development projects

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(3) Overhaul the organisation of migration
management
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Overhauling the Organisation of Migration
Management

• National level inter-ministerial initiatives to
  promote co-ordination of development and
  migration policies
• Commission level stronger systematic
  consultations across all relevant directorates

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EU institutional set up for greater policy
coherence

• Rethinking of existing institutional set ups and
  segmentation of policy competencies across
  ministries, directorates and organisations
• Strengthening systematic consultations across EC
  relevant directorates.
• Creation of a permanent inter-directorate liaison
  network as a powerful instrument for information
  exchange and policy consultation.

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Migration management Decision making in the EU
JHA Council(27 EU interior ministers)
General Affairs Council(27 EU foreign ministers)
Coreper II (Commitee of Permanent Representatives
of the member states)
High-Level Working Group on Asylum and
Immigration (Interior/justice reps)
SCIFA (Interior/justice reps)
Working parties
Migration Expulsion
Asylum
Frontiers False Documents
CIREFI
Visa
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(4) Make policies more coherent for more
effective management
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Policy coherence what role for aid?

• Aid cannot really slow migration
• but it can serve as a catalyst to
• diffuse the benefits of migration
• facilitate adjustment
• Aid channelled to investments in infrastructure
  can facilitate domestic labour market
  integration.
• Aid channelled to capacity building can mitigate
  the negative impact of the brain drain.

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Policy coherence what role for trade policies?

• EU and OECD trade policies have a significant
  impact on living standards and income in low
  income countries and hence affect migration
  patterns.
• More coherence is needed between EU and OECD
  trade and migration policies.
• The international community needs to consider the
  scope of GATS Mode 4 to encompass low-skilled
  workers.

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Policy coherence what role for security
policies?

• Sources of insecurity
• inability to access strategic assets
• access to food or other inputs
• large market volatility
• failed institutional set ups
• Strategies for risk prevention, mitigation and
  coping make the link to migration
• access to land and water assets
• ag. extension programmes, irrigation
  infrastructure
• capacity-building
• appropriate land titling and regulatory
  modernisation

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For more info www.oecd.org/dev/migration
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Thank you for your attention!Merci de votre
attention !Bedankt !