Organic Chemistry: You are What You Eat

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Organic Chemistry You are What You Eat
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Organic vs. Inorganic

• View the organic molecules and compare them to
  the inorganic molecules. What qualifies them as
  organic?

• Inorganic
• CO2
• H2O
• NH3
• H3PO4
• NaCl
• AgNO3
• HCl

• Organic

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Intro to Orgo

• Organic Chem the study of C based compounds
  (must have both C H)
• Why Carbon?
• Its versatile!
• 4 valence electrons (4 covalent bonds)
• Form simple or complex compounds
• C chains form backbone of most biological
  molecules (straight, bent, double bond, rings)

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Skeletal Structures
CH3-CH2-CH-CH3 OH

• In a skeletal diagram of this sort there is a
  carbon atom at each junction between bonds in a
  chain and at the end of each bond (unless there
  is something else there already - like the -OH
  group in the example)
• there are enough hydrogen atoms attached to each
  carbon to make the total number of bonds on that
  carbon up to 4.

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Hydrocarbons

• Hydrocarbons consist of ONLY
• C H
• Importance - Store Energy (Many of these are used
  as fuels)
• Hydrophobic

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Functional Groups

• These are groups of atoms added to a hydrocarbon
  that make it behave a certain way.
• These are important because some of them will
  help you to identify some of the macromolecules
  we will be discussing. Ex Proteins contain an
  amino group and an acid group (amino acids)

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Macromolecules

• 4 classes
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• Polymers long molecule made of building blocks
  called monomers
• Polymerization making bonds between monomers

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Polymerization

• Building dimers or polymers
• Dehydration (Remove Water) Synthesis (Build)
• Monomer-OH monomer-H ? dimer H2O
• Breaking down dimers or polymers
• Hydro (Water) lysis (break)
• Dimer H2O ? monomer-OH monomer-H
• Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

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CARBOHYDRATES

• Why do we eat carbohydrates?

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Carbohydrates

• Cells get most of their energy from carbs
• Carbs are sugars, most end in -ose
• Multiple of molecular formula CH2O
• Monosaccharides (simple carbs)
• Monomers simple sugars w/ 3-7 carbons
• Ex. (C6H12O6) Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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Monosaccharides
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Carbohydrates (contd)

• Disaccharide formed by 2 monosaccharides
• Ex.
• glucose glucose ? maltose H2O
• glucose fructose ? sucrose H2O
• glucose galactose ? lactose H2O

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Carbohydrates (contd)

• Polysaccharides (Complex Carbs) 100s 1,000s
  of monosaccharides
• Storage polysaccharides
• Starch
• monomer-glucose (helical)
• Produced by plants
• Glycogen
• Monomer glucose (branched)
• Vertebrates temporarily store glycogen in liver
  muscle
• Structural polysaccharides
• Cellulose plant cell walls
• Monomer glucose (linear)
• Chitin
• Arthropod exoskeletons
• Fungi cell walls

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• Carbs Video

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Homework

• Write down what you eat for dinner tomorrow and
  investigate the carb content of each of item.
  (If you have the product label, you can use
  that). How much is simple carbs (sugars), and
  how much is complex carbs (fiber, starch)?
• Investigate a diet like South Beach or Atkins.
  What do they suggest? Do you think that its a
  good idea?

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Lipids

• Hydrophobic not soluble in water
• Store energy efficiently (2x more than carbs!)
• Types
• Fats oils
• Phospholipids
• Steroids
• Waxes

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LIPIDS

• Why do we need lipids in our diet?

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Fats Oils

• Many lipids made up of glycerol C3H5(OH)3 and
  fatty acid chains
• Function
• store energy
• Insulate
• Protective cushion around organs

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Saturated Fats

• Contain no C double bonds, straight
• Have as many Hs as possible
• Solid at room temperature
• Most animal fat
• Ex. Butter, lard, adipose

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Unsaturated Fats (Oils)

• One or more (polyunsaturated) C double bond, bent
  or kinked
• Liquid at room temperature
• Most plants and fish fat
• Ex. Olive oil, cod liver oil, corn oil

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Phospholipids

• Phosphate head hydrophilic
• Fatty Acid tails - hydrophobic
• In water, phospholipids form a bilayer
• Phospholipid bilayer is major component of cell
  membrane

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Steroids

• 4 fused carbon rings w/various functional groups
• Ex. Cholesterol component of cell membrane,
  and many hormones

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NUCLEIC ACIDS

• Why do we eat nucleic acids (Yes we DO eat
  nucleic acids)
• They are found in almost all foods, because
  nucleic acids are in all cells
• They are broken down, and the components are used
  to make more of our own DNA and RNA

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Nucleic Acids

• 2 types
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Found in nucleus of eukarya
• Double stranded helix
• Provides directions for its own replication
• Also directs RNA synthesis
• Through RNA controls 10 structure of proteins
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• Single stranded, variety of shapes
• Transfers information from nucleus to cytoplasm
  (where proteins are made)
• DNA? RNA? Proteins

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Structure of Nucleic Acids

• Monomers nucleotides composed of 3 parts
• Pentose (ribose or deoxyribose)
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous bases
• Cytosine (C) - Guanine (G)
• Thymine (T).DNA only - Adenine (A)
• Uracil (U) RNA only- Adenine (A)

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Bonding of Nucleotides
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Another molecule of biological importanceATP

• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) primary energy
  transferring molecule in the cell
• ATP ? ADP Pi Energy

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PROTEINS

• Why is it important to have a good amount of
  protein in our diets?

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Proteins

• Various functions enzymes, structural support,
  storage, transport, cellular communication,
  movement, defense, build muscles
• Monomer amino acid
• Cells use 20 different a.a. to build thousands of
  different proteins
• a.a. link to form polymers (by dehydration
  synthesis) polypeptides

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Structure of Proteins

• 10 Structure
• - Sequence of a.a. (length vary)
• - Determined by genes
• 20 Structure
• How polypeptide folds or coils
• a Helix
• ß pleats
• 30 Structure - 3D (fold onto itself)
• H bonds
• Hydrophobic interaction
• Disulfide bridges
• 40 Structure bonds to other polypeptides
• 2 or more polypeptide chains bonded together

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Protein Conformation

• Structure of a protein is directly related to its
  function
• Protein conformation is determined when it is
  synthesized, and maintained by chemical
  interactions
• Protein conformation also depends on
  environmental factors pH, salt concentration,
  tempetc
• Protein can be denatured unravel and lose
  conformation, therefore biologically inactive
  when conditions change again, protein can be
  renatured (restored to normal)

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Metabolism

• Metabolism Total of all chemical reactions that
  take place within an organism
• Metabolic/ biochemical pathway series of
  chemical reactions, catalyzed by enzymes in which
  the product of one reaction becomes the reactant
  of the next reaction
• Catabolic pathways break down complex molecules
  into simpler molecules (E released)
• Anabolic pathways build complicated molecules
  from simpler molecules (E consumed)

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Energy

• Energy the capacity to change, to do work
  comes in many forms
• Types
• Kinetic Energy energy in motion
• Potential Energy stored energy

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Thermodynamics

• Thermodynamics study of energy transformations
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot be
  created or destroyed, only converted from one
  form to another
• 2nd law of Thermodynamics Every energy
  transformation increases entropy
  (disorder/randomness) in the universe

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Chemical Reactions Absorb or Release Energy

• Exergonic reaction releases free energy, .
  products contain less energy than reactants (ex.
  cell respiration)
• Ea Activation Energy is the E required to start
  the reaction (break bonds)
• Catabolic Pathways

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Chemical Reactions Absorb or Release Energy

• Endergonic Reaction Absorbs free energy .
  products contain more energy than the reactants
  (i.e. photosynthesis)
• Anabolic Pathways

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Catalyst

• Catalyst reduces the activation energy to speed
  up the chemical reaction
• Enzyme catalytic protein
• Specific substrate binds to active site on
  enzymecalled induced fit
• Enzyme reduces Ea
• Reaction occurs, products are formed
• Enzyme can be reused

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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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Effect of Enzymes on Reaction Rate
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External Factors can Effect Enzyme Activity

• Factors that effect enzyme shape will effect its
  function (i.e. temperature, pH) Why?
• Different enzymes have different optimal
  conditions

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