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EM??????

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Christopher M. Bishop PATTERN RECOGNITION AND MACHINE LEARNING Springer, 2006. PCFG. CFG ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: EM??????


1
??????? ?9?
2007?12?3?
  • ?????????? ?? ?? ?

2
????????
  • EM??????
  • ??????????(inside outside algorithm)
  • ???
  • ???(?) ????(?) ?????4 ???????? ?????
  • C. D. Manning Hinrich Schütze FOUNDATIONS OF
    STATISTICAL NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING MIT
    Press, 1999
  • Christopher M. Bishop PATTERN RECOGNITION AND
    MACHINE LEARNING Springer, 2006

3
PCFG
???CFG?? ?????
S ? SUBJ VP1 ?S ? SUBJ VP1
S ? SUBJ V ?S ? SUBJ V
SUBJ ? NP ? ?SUBJ ? NP ?
VP1 ? OBJ1 V ?VP1 ? OBJ1 V
OBJ1 ? NP ? ?OBJ1 ? NP ?
NP ? S NP ?NP ? S NP
V ? ??? ?V ? ???
V ? ??? ?V ? ???
NP ? ?? ?NP ? ??
NP ? ? ?NP ? ?
NP ? ????? ?NP ? ?????
NP ? ????? ?NP ? ?????
NP ? ?? NP1 ?NP ? ?? NP1
NP ? ? NP1 ?NP ? ? NP1
NP1 ? ? NP ?NP1 ? ? NP
  • CFG?????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????
  • ???????0.0???1.0

4
??????
? s ?????????????????
S
??? t
VP1
SUBJ
???CFG?? ?????
S ? SUBJ VP1 ?S ? SUBJ VP1
S ? SUBJ V ?S ? SUBJ V
SUBJ ? NP ? ?SUBJ ? NP ?
VP1 ? OBJ1 V ?VP1 ? OBJ1 V
OBJ1 ? NP ? ?OBJ1 ? NP ?
NP ? S NP ?NP ? S NP
V ? ??? ?V ? ???
V ? ??? ?V ? ???
NP ? ?? ?NP ? ??
NP ? ? ?NP ? ?
NP ? ????? ?NP ? ?????
NP ? ????? ?NP ? ?????
NP ? ?? NP1 ?NP ? ?? NP1
NP ? ? NP1 ?NP ? ? NP1
NP1 ? ? NP ?NP1 ? ? NP
NP
OBJ1
V
?
???
??
?
NP
S
NP
SUBJ
?????
V
NP
?
???
?
P(t) ?S ? SUBJ VP1 ?SUBJ ? NP ? ?NP ? ??
?VP1 ? OBJ1 V ?OBJ1 ? NP ?
?NP ? S NP ?S ? SUBJ V ?SUBJ
? NP ? ?NP ? ? ?V ? ??? ?NP ?
????? ?V ? ???
5
PCFG
  • ??????? (estimation)
  • ??????? (?????)
  • ??? (?????)
  • ??????? (decoding)

???
C(rt) ????r????t???????? T(s)
?s???????????????????????
6
??????
  • EM?????? (expectation-maximization algorithm)
  • ??????(????????????)??????????
  • PCFG??????
  • ?????(deleted interporation)????????
  • ??????????(inside-outside algorithm)
  • ???????????????????EM?????????????

7
PCFG?EM??????
  1. ?(0) ????
  2. E???? ?(i)????????????????s?????????????????
  3. M???? ?(i1)????
  4. 2.???

8
PCFG?EM??????
  • E??????????s??????
  • ????????(i)???????????????????????????
  • ?s?????????????????p(ts)???
  • M???????????
  • ????????????????
  • ??????????????????????

C(rt) 0.6C(r t)
parse
s1
p(ts1)p(t)/Z1 0.1 0.3 0.6
parse
s2
p(ts2)p(t)/Z 2 1.0
parse
s3
p(ts3)p(t)/Z3 0.21 0.16 0.51 0.05
0.07
...
...
...
9
?????EM??????
  • ?????????EM??????
  • ?????????Dt??????????Dh(??????)???
  • ?????? p(wnDt), p(wnwn-1Dt),
    p(wnwn-1,wn-2Dt)????????
  • ?(0)?????
  • E???? ?????????????
  • M???? ???????
  • 4.???

10
EM?????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????

11
EM??????????
E???? p(y x ?)???
????
????????????Q?????????????
M???? ??????????
????????????????????
12
????
  • ???????????x1,...,xN???
  • ?????????????y1,...,yM???????????????
  • ????????????????????
  • ???????????p(x, y)??????

x1
y1
y2
y3
p(x1, y1)
p(x1, y2)
p(x1, y3)
x2
y4
p(x2, y4)
x3
y5
y6
y7
y8
y9
p(x3, y5)
p(x3, y6)
p(x3, y7)
p(x3, y8)
p(x3, y9)
...
...
...
13
Q????? (1)
  • ?? ???????????x1,...,xN??????????????????????????
    ??????
  • ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????????
    ?

argmax????????????????????????????????????????
14
Q????? (2)
  • ????????????

???????????????0
15
Q????? (3)
  • ????????????

???Q??????
????????
16
Q????? (4)
  • ???
  • ???????????????
  • ???
  • ????????????????????
  • Q(?, ?)-Q(?, ?)?0????????
  • ?????????????????????????
  • Q(?, ?)???????????????????????????Q(?,
    ?)?????????
  • ? ?????(??????????????)Q?????0????argmax???????
    Q(?, ?)-Q(?, ?) ?0

17
EM?????? Q??????
  • ????????????????????

????
????????x1, x2, ..., xn??????
??????
???????????????! argmax Q????????????
18
?? Q????????? (1)
  • Q??
  • (??????????????????????) (????????????xi?y??????
    ??)

y1
xi
y2
...
y3
19
?? Q????????? (2)
  • ???????????????????

log?????????????????? ??????????????????sum?log?
???????????????
20
?? ?????????
  • ?????????
  • ??? f(x) ??? I ???????
  • p1,p2,...,pn?p1p2...pn1??????
  • ???x1,x2,...,xn? I ?????????????
  • f(x)-log(x)?xiqi /pi????

21
EM??????????
E???? p(y x ?)???
????
????????????Q?????????????
M???? ??????????
????????????????????
22
? ????????????????
  • ????? (mixture model)
  • ?????x1,..,xN???????????????????y1,...,yM???
  • ???????????j (p(yj) )??????????????????????x?p(x
    yj)?????????????

23
? ????????????????
  • ????? (mixture model)
  • Q??

24
? ????????????????
  • Q???????????????????????????

25
????????????
  • ????????????
  • ????????

26
? ????????????????
  • ????????????

???????!
27
? ????????????????
  • ????????????

28
? ????????????????
29
PCFG???????????
  • PCFG?Q??

30
PCFG???????????
  • PCFG?Q??
  • ????????

31
PCFG???????????
  • ??????????????????

32
PCFG???????????
  • ????????

????????????????????????
33
PCFG????EM??????????
  • ???????????????????????????????!(?????????????????
    ???????????)

parse
s
...
p(t)/Z 0.21 0.06 0.001 0.05 0.07
?????!
34
??????????
  • ????
  • CKY????????????????CKY????????????????????????????
    ?????????????
  • ???????????????????????????????????
  • ???????????????????????????

35
????
  • ???? ß(i,j,A)
  • ?????A?????wi1,...,wj???????(???wi1,...,wj?????
    ?????(?)?A?????????????)

A
w1,...,wi
wj1,...,wn
wi1, ..................,wj
36
???????
  • Si,j????????????????
  • ??????????????max????????sum???
  • Si,j ltX, pgt??? (X ?????, p ??????)
  • Si,j????
  • for k i1 to j-1
  • forall ltB, pXgt? Si,k
  • forall ltC, pYgt? Sk,j
  • forall A ? G(B, C)
  • if( ltA, pgt exists in Si,j )
  • p p pXpY?Z?X Y
  • else
  • Si,j Si,j ? ltA,
    pXpY?Z?X Ygt

sum?max????????????????
37
????
  • ????a(i,j,B)
  • S(????)??w1...wiBwj1...wn???????

S
B
w1,...,wi
wj1,...,wn
wi1, ..................,wj
38
???????????
  • ??????????????2???AC????????a(i,j,B)??????
  • A?B C A?????C??????A?B C
  • A?C B A?????C??????A?C B

S
S
A
A
C
B
B
C
w1..wi
wi1 ..wj
w1..wk
wj1 ..wk
wk1..wn
wj1..wn
wi1 ..wj
wk1 ..wi
39
???????
  • a(i,j,B)???

40
???????
  • a(i,j,X)??????

S0,6
????
S0,5
S1,6
S0,4
S1,5
S2,6
S0,3
S1,4
S2,5
S3,6
S0,2
S1,3
S2,4
S3,5
S4,6
S0,1
S1,2
S2,3
S3,4
S4,5
S5,6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
w1
w2
w3
w4
w5
w6
41
????????????
  • ??????????????????
  • for all 0 ?i lt j ?n, X?VN
  • a(i,j,X) 0
  • a(0,n,S) 1.0
  • for l n 1 to 1
  • for i 0 to n - l
  • j i l
  • forall Ai,j ? Bi,k Ck,j in Si,j
  • a(i, k, B)a(i, k,
    B)a(i,j,A)ß(k,j,C)?A? B C
  • a(k, j, C)a(k, j,
    C)a(i,j,A)ß(i,k,B)?A?B C

Ai,j ? Bi,k Ck,j in Si,j???????????Si,j???????A??
????????? ?????A?B C B?Si,k????? C?Sk,j?????
42
?????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????
  • Ai,j?Bi,k Ck,j????????? Ai,j?Bi,k Ck,j
    ?????????????

Ai,j
Ai,j
Ai,j
...
parse
s
Bi,k
Ck,j
Bi,k
Ck,j
Bi,k
Ck,j
p(t)/Z 0.21 0.16
0.07
43
?????????????
  • Ai,j?Bi,k Ck,j?????????
  • 1/Z(Ai,j?Bi,k Ck,j ?????????????)
  • 1/Z(Bi,k?????Ck,j??????A?B CAi,j?????)

S
A
C
B
w1..wi
wi1 ..wk
wk1 ..wj
wj1..wn
44
?????????????
45
??????????
  1. ?(0) ????
  2. E???? ?(i)?????????????????
  3. M???? ??????????????????(i1)????
  4. 2.???

46
???
  • EM??????
  • ??????????
  • ????12/10(?) 1630 ???HPSG?? (???????????????????
    ????????HPSG)
  • ????
  • http//www.r.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ninomi/mistH19w
    /
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