Ch 23-25

1
Ch 23-25

• Circulation and Respiration
• Digestive and Urinary
• Communication and Control

2

• I.      The Cardiovascular System
• Function Transports materials to from your
  cells.
• Cardio heart
• Vascular vessel
• Made up of three parts blood, the heart, blood
  vessels.

3

• Blood-
• The body contains about 5L of blood.
• Connective tissue made up of
• Red Blood Cells (RBC)
• supply your cells with oxygen
• Take carbon dioxide away from your cells
• most abundant blood cell
• contain the protein hemoglobin
• Clings to the oxygen
• gives them a red color (Iron)
• donut shaped
• made in the bone marrow.
• Movie ? RBC (400)
• Unitedstreaming.com blood 1995. 4 minutes.

4

• White blood cells (WBC)
• fight pathogens (bacteria other viruses)
• Engulf the pathogens found in body
• release chemicals called antibodies
• help clean wounds
• remove dead or damaged body cells.
• Made in the bone marrow may mature in specific
  lymphatic organs.
• MOVIE ? Compare Red White Blood Cells (122)
• A comparison of WBC to RBC United
  streaming.com blood 1995 1.5 minutes
• Platelets
• assist in blood clotting
• to stop bleeding when vessels are damaged
• make tiny fibers to form a net creating a blood
  clot
• Fragments of larger cells that live in the bone
  marrow.
• Movie ? Platelets (100)
• United streaming .com Blood 1995 1 minute

5
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tp//www.abcbodybuilding.com/glutamine_files/wbc.j
pg http//web.ncifcrf.gov/rtp/ial/eml/images/rbc1.
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• Plasma Fluid part of blood.
• Water, nutrients, sugars, proteins, etc
• RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets float in plasma.

Movie ? Plasma (600) Video 5 min united
streaming blood 1995
7

• Heart-
• pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs oxygen
  rich blood to the body.
• divided into a right and left half and has four
  chambers
• 2 upper each called atrium
• 2 lower each called ventricle.
• Valves are located between the atria and
  ventricles, also where arteries attach to the
  heart.
• These keep blood flowing in one direction
• give us the lub-dub sound when they snap shut.
• Movie ? The Heart (400)
• United streaming.com 1997 human body systems
  4.5 minutes

8
members.rogers.com/.../ html/heart_diagram.html
9

• Blood Vessels-
• Arteries-
• vessels that take blood away from the heart
• thick elastic walls to take the high pressure
  from the heartbeat.
• Pulse is the name for the rhythmic change in
  blood pressure within the arteries.
• Capillaries-
• smallest vessels at only one cell thick.
• Blood cells pass through them in single file
  diffuse nutrients to and from body cells.
• No body cell is more than 3 to 4 cells away from
  a capillary.
• They connect arteries to veins.
• Veins-
• take blood back to the heart. They
• contain valves to keep blood from moving
  backwards.
• Skeletal Muscles squeeze veins help push blood
  back to the heart.

10

• Blood Flow- Your blood travels two different
  paths as it leaves and returns to your heart.
• Pulmonary Circulation-
• Right side of Heart lungs Left side of
  Heart
• Exchanging CO2 for O2 !!
• Systemic Circulation-
• LS of Heart Body Cells RS of Heart
• Exchanging 02 for CO2 and Nutrient / Waste

11

• Blood Pressure- is the force exerted on the
  inside walls of an artery.
• Normal pressure is 120/80.
• 1st Number (120)
• systolic pressure
• pressure when ventricles contract
• 2nd Number (80)
• diastolic pressure
• pressure when ventricles relax.
• Exercise- causes your heart rate to go up because
  muscles need more oxygen and nutrients.

12

• Blood Types-
• A, B, AB, O are the four types.
• RBCs have a chemical on their surface called
  antigens. (antigens are proteins)
• WBCs in the plasma make chemicals called
  antibodies.
• When the wrong Blood types are mixed, the
  antibodies from one will clump with the antigens
  of the other, causing a blockage.
• Type O is Universal Donor (give to anyone)
• Type AB is Universal Recipient (get from anyone)

13
Movie ? Blood Types (6 min) United streaming
Inquiring minds. TV Ontario 2000
http//www.sirinet.net/jgjohnso/bloodtype.jpg
14

• Problems- can be caused by smoking, high
  cholesterol, stress, heredity, and other factors.
• 1. Atherosclerosis- is the leading cause of death
  in the U.S. occurs when fatty materials build
  up in blood vessels. They become narrower and
  less elastic. When a vessel that feeds the heart
  is blocked, a heart attack may occur.
• Hypertension- is abnormally high blood pressure
  is dangerous because it over works the heart and
  weakens vessels causing them to rupture. If this
  occurs in the brain, it will not receive oxygen
  nutrients causing a stroke

15

• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (pp.556-559)
• Function process of the body obtaining and
  using oxygen while removing carbon dioxide and
  water.
• 2 parts
• breathing- inhaling exhaling
• cellular respiration- the chemical reactions
  that release energy from food.

16

• Breathing Organs-
• Nose- primary passageway in out of the system.
• Pharynx- passageway for both air and drink that
  branches off into two tubes the esophagus, leads
  to the stomach and the larynx.
• Larynx- or voice box contains vocal cords that
  are stretched across the opening.
• Trachea- or windpipe, leads to the lungs.

• http//www.nsknet.or.jp/katoh/image/pharynx.gif

17

1. Bronchi- the trachea splits into two tubes, one
   going to each lung. They branch into smaller
   tubes called bronchioles.
2. Lungs- where each bronchiole branches to form
   thousands of alveoli, or air sacs. Capillaries

http//chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu/explore/embryol
ogy/day15/graphics/alveoli.gif
18
http//www.paems.org/eWebquiz/drowning/lung20and
20alveoli.jpg
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• How Do You Breathe?
• Diaphragm- a dome shaped muscle underneath the
  lungs, and rib muscles.
• The diaphragm contracts and moves down as the rib
  muscles contract and move up, increasing the
  volume of the chest cavity. When this occurs, an
  area of low air pressure is created in the lungs.
  Air pressure outside the body forces air into
  the lungs to equalized the pressures.
• To exhale the diaphragm relaxes and different rib
  muscles contract to decrease the volume of the
  lungs and force air out.
• Movie ? Breathing (245)
• United learning 1997. Human body systems
  Respiration.Breathing 2 minutes 47 seconds

20

• Cellular Respiration- In the lungs, oxygen is
  absorbed into the RBCs carried to the cells
  where it is used to break molecules of nutrients
  apart and release energy that has been stored.
  Carbon dioxide water are waste products that
  return to the blood and are taken back to the
  lungs to be exhaled. (See figure 15, p.558)

http//biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/cellresp
.jpg
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• Respiratory Disorders
• Asthma- irritants cause tissue around bronchioles
  to constrict and secrete large amounts of mucus
  making breathing difficult.
• Bronchitis- irritation of the lining of the
  bronchioles and alveoli.
• Pneumonia- bacteria or virus that cause
  bronchioles to fill with fluid and may cause
  suffocation.
• Smoking- leading cause of cardiovascular lung
  diseases.
• Emphysema causes lung tissue to erode away making
  it hard to get needed oxygen.
• Lung cancer is also associated with smoking.

22
http//www.besttreatments.co.uk/btuk/images/lung_c
ancer_xray.jpg http//info.med.yale.edu/intmed/car
dio/imaging/cases/pneumonia_rll/graphics/rad1.gif
23
The Digestive System

• A group of organs that work together to digest
  food so that it can be used by the body.

http//www.umm.edu/digest/howworks.htm
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• Digestive System at a Glance-
• The Digestive Tract- Food passes thru!
• long tube with an opening at each end
• mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, small
  intestine, large intestine, rectum anus
• Food does not pass thru!
• These organs secrete substances used in digestion
• liver, gall bladder, pancreas, salivary glands.
• Movie ? United streaming food into fuel our
  digestive system 1992

25

• The Journey of a Sandwich- There are two types of
  digestion
• Mechanical Digestion- is the crushing, breaking,
  mashing of food.
• Chemical Digestion- large molecules are broken
  down into nutrients needed for normal growth,
  maintenance and repair. Nutrients include
  proteins, carbohydrates fats.
• Movie ? United streaming food into fuel our
  digestive system 1992
• Movie ? Mechanical vs. chemical digestion 158
• Enzymes- are special substances that break
  nutrients into smaller particles that the body
  can use. For Example, proteins break down to
  amino acids.

26

• Digestion Begins in the Mouth- Chewing creates
  small slippery pieces of food that are easier to
  swallow and easier to digest.

http//www.scphillips.com/gifs/photos/Page201/My
20big20mouth.jpg
27

• Through the Teeth- With the help of muscles and
  jawbones, your teeth are able to break and grind
  food.
• The outer layer is enamel, the hardest material
  in your body. It protects nerve endings soft
  material inside the tooth.
• Molars are the teeth in back that grind food.
• The premolars mash food. And in the front,
• the incisors canines are sharp so that you can
  rip and shred food

www.caribbeanedu.com/ kewl/health/health01.asp
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• Over the Gums- As you chew food is mixed with
  saliva from the salivary glands in the mouth.
• Saliva contains an enzyme that starts the
  digestion of carbohydrates,
• Carbohydrates broken down into simple sugars.
• Look out Stomach-
• Your tongue pushes food into the throat
• Which leads to a tube called the esophagus.
• Peristalsis is the rhythmic muscle contraction in
  the esophagus that forces food into the stomach.
• Movie ? Peristalsis in the esophagus 142
  United streaming food into fuel our digestive
  system 1992

29

• The Stomachs Harsh Environment-
• Stomach- A muscular, baglike organ at the end of
  the esophagus,
• The stomach squeezes food with muscular
  contractions.
• It also produces enzymes acids that work
  together to break food into nutrients.
• Combined mechanical chemical action reduces
  food to a mixture called chyme. Chyme then moves
  through a valve, in small amounts, into the small
  intestine. This allows time to mix with fluids
  from the liver and pancreas.
• Movie ? Stomach chemical and mechanical
  digestion 134
• United streaming food into fuel our digestive
  system 1992

30

• The Small Intestine- is a muscular tube about 2.5
  cm in diameter and about 6 m long.
• Villi- Finger like projections in the small
  intestine. They are covered by tiny nutrient
  absorbing cells. Because the villi extend into
  the chyme, they increase the surface area of the
  small intestine and have a greater exposure to
  nutrients. Absorbed nutrients enter the
  bloodstream. Chyme moves through the small
  intestine by peristalsis. Proteins,
  carbohydrates, fats are chemically digested
  with the help of enzymes produce in the small
  intestine and pancreas.
• Villi and circulation 243

31
The Pancreas-

• - is a fish shaped organ located between the
  stomach and small intestine. It makes juice that
  contains digestive enzymes bicarbonate that
  neutralizes the acid in the chyme. The pancreas
  also is part of the endocrine system, making
  hormones that regulate blood sugar.

32
. The Liver Gall Bladder- The liver is a large
reddish-brown organ that has several jobs

• 1.   1. Makes bile that is stored in a baglike
  organ called
• the gallbladder. Through physical digestion,
  bile
• breaks up fat in the small intestine.
• 2.   Stores nutrients that are not needed right
  away. The
• liver then releases them into the blood as
  needed.
• 3.   Captures and detoxifies many substances in
  the body like alcohol drugs.
• 4. It also makes cholesterol for cell membranes.

33

• Digestion in the small intestine.230 ( good)
• Answer the following questions based on this
  clip.
• 1. What does bile do?
• 2. Where does the digestion of protein begin?
• 3. Where does the digestion of starch begin?

34
The End of the Line-

• The large intestine receives whatever cannot be
  absorbed into the bloodstream. It stores,
  compacts, and then eliminates indigestible
  material from the body.

35

• . The large intestine reabsorbs most of the water
  creating feces or stool. Fiber, from fruits and
  vegetables, called cellulose cannot be digested.
  It is helpful in keeping the stool soft moving
  things through the large intestine.
• 1.   The rectum is the last section of the large
  intestine. It stores feces until it can be
  expelled through the anus. The whole process
  takes about 24 hours.
• Large intestine- very specific diagrams 233

36
I. Problems of the Digestive System-

• 1. Heartburn- The backflow of chyme from the
• stomach into the esophagus causing a
  buring pain in the chest.
• 2.   Constipation Diarrhea- Lack of fiber,
  water or
• exercise can cause contents to become dry.
  This is
• called constipation. Frequent, watery bowel
• movements are called diarrhea and can cause
  the
• body to dehydrate.

37

• 2.   Colon Cancer- When large intestine cells
  divide
• uncontrollably causing a tumor. These
  interfere
• with the normal function of organs. They can
  also
• break away and start tumors in other areas of
  the
• body. It can be treated if detected early.
• 3.   Gastric Ulcer- An open sore in the stomach
  lining.
• High fat diets, smoking, caffine and alcohol
  can
• make this condition worse. (Figure 10, p.
  575)
•  
•