The European Union and Enlargement

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Dr. David Galbreath Lecturer in Politics and
International Relations d.galbreath_at_abdn.ac.uk Off
ice F36 Edward Wright Building Hours Tuesday
10-12
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The European Union and Enlargement

• PI 2003 International Organisations in Europe
  Week 9

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Previous Enlargement

• Original members Belgium, France, Germany,
  Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
• 1973 Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom
• 1981 Greece
• 1986 Portugal and Spain
• 1995 Austria, Finland and Sweden
• 2004 10 new members

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(No Transcript)
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EU Enlargement

• Political
• Economic
• Social

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EU Enlargement Questions

• Why did the EU expand?
• How did the EU expand?
• What were the political implications of
  expansion?
• How did EU change to prepare for 15 new members?
• What were the political, economic and social
  requirements of new member-states?
• What is the future for EU expansion?

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Why did the EU expand?

• Changes the internal order of the EU
• Allows for greater divisions in the EU
• Forces painful economic and institutional
  adaptations required of the applicant country
• Encourages anxiety over immigration in the
  existing member-states.

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Why did the EU expand?

• Three views
• Rationalist approach
• Ethical-political approach
• Moral approach

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Why did the EU expand?

• Three views and hypotheses
• Rationalist approach
• The EU would concentrate only on those states
  that offered the most gain
• Ethical-political approach
• The EU would concentrate on those states that had
  an element of kinship
• Moral approach
• The EU would concentrate on democratic states
  outside the community

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Who supported enlargement?

• Drivers vs. Brakemen
• Drivers
• those bordering the CEECs (except for Italy and
  Greece)
• Brakemen
• Recent new states (ex. Spain)
• All others (except for Britain)

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Who supported enlargement?

• Drivers two groups
• Limited round focusing on Central Europe
  (Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland,
  Slovenia)
• The big bang enlargement

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Who supported enlargement?
Limited Enlargement Inclusive Enlargement
Drivers Austria, Finland, Germany Britain, Denmark, Sweden
Brakemen Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain
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Who supported enlargement?

• Reasons for support
• Geographical proximity
• Interdependence
• Shared borders
• Economic gains

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Member state shares of EU exports to Central and
Eastern European countries and EU economic output
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Who supported enlargement?

• Reasons for support
• Geographical proximity?
• Economic gain?
• Influence?

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EU Enlargement

• Institutional Arrangements
• Copenhagen Criteria
• Acquis Communautaire
• Madrid European Council
• Agenda 2000

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EU Enlargement

• Copenhagen Criteria
• stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy,
  the rule of law, human rights and respect for and
  protection of minorities
• the existence of a functioning market economy as
  well as the capacity to cope with competitive
  pressure and market forces within the Union
• the ability to take on the obligations of
  membership including adherence to the aims of
  political, economic monetary union.

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EU Enlargement

• Acquis Communautaire
• Treaty of Amsterdam 1993
• The body of EU law that must be adopted into
  domestic law
• Acquis politigue
• Finalité politique

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EU Enlargement

• Madrid European Council
• Administration
• Judicial Structures

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EU Enlargement

• Agenda 2000
• Amsterdam IGC 1997 and Luxembourg European
  Council 1998
• Development of EU
• Challenges of Enlargement
• Accession Process Regular Reports
• Financial framework beyond 2000

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EU Enlargement

• Agenda 2000 (regular reports)
• 1998-2003
• Minorities
• Adoption of Acquis
• No delay for 6
• Relied on other institutions and NGOs

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EU Enlargement

• The logistics
• Should the Commission be re-weighted?
• Should voting change in the Council?
• How will the new states be represented in
  Parliament?

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Political Conditions

• Democracy
• Transition
• Consolidation
• European Union and Democratisation

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Political Conditions

• Political Conditionality
• This is achieved by specifying conditions or
  even preconditions for support, involving either
  promises of material aid or political
  opportunities.
• Democratic Conditionality

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Political Conditions

• Democratic Conditionality (three stages)
• Pre-negotiations
• Actual negotiations
• Once membership begins

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Financial Issues

• PHARE
• (Poland and Hungary Aid for Economic
  Restructuring)
• Three aims
• Pre-accession Funds for adoption of the Acquis
• Structural Funds
• Aimed at Regions and regional institutions

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Financial Issues

• PHARE
• Three phases
• Mark I (1989-97)
• Mark II (1997-2000)
• Mark III (2000-)

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Financial Issues

• Common Agriculture Policy
• Reforms at the Copenhagen summit in December 2002
• Direct payments phased-in
• Lock-in strategy

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Financial Issues

• The Economic and Monetary Union
• Euro is obligation for new states
• Although when and how is up to state
• No states ready yet (euobserver.com)
• Criteria exchange rates, price stability,
  interest rates, deficits and the status of
  central banks

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What is the future for EU expansion?

• Romania and Bulgaria (2007)
• Turkey (2010?)
• The Balkans (Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Macedonia,
  Albania)?
• Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia?
• North Africa?

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Conclusion

• Why did the EU expand?
• How did the EU expand?
• What were the political implications of
  expansion?
• How did EU change to prepare for 15 new members?
• What were the political, economic and social
  requirements of new member-states?
• What is the future for EU expansion?