Pearl Harbor Attack

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Pearl Harbor Attack

• Part 3

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Japanese aircraft carrier
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Photo taken from Japanese plane
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• Sneak attack costs US over 200 planes, 2,400
  lives, 18 warships, 8 of 9 battleships damaged
• USS Arizona- sank, over 1,000 sailors aboard
  (memorial)
• USS Nevada- almost sank at mouth of Harbor

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USS Arizona
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Arizona memorial
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USS Shaw
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• 3rd wave of planes cancelled by Japanese fleet
  commander (fortunate for US)
• Japanese lost 20 planes
• Main Goal of Japanese not achieved- 3 aircraft
  carriers
• (Henry Stimson)

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• FDR and Congress declare war the next day

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• (next day)

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US/Allied Strategy

• (List Allies)

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• Roosevelt and Winston Churchill (British Prime
  Minister) agree that Hitler should be dealt with
  first
• Axis advantages firm control over conquered
  areas, war production established

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Battle of the Atlantic

• Convoy systemkeep British supplies moving/get
  American troops/supplies there safely
• Wolf packs- German submarine groups attacking
  convoys
• Tried attacking merchant ships off American coast

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Sub hunters
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British Hedgehog- Anti Sub artillery
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North Africa

• German General Erwin Rommel led Afrika Korps.
• Very creative General
• Wanted African oil fields
• Defeated by Brit General Bernard Montgomery at El
  Alamein trapped in Tunisia

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The North Africa Campaign The Battle of
El Alamein, 1942
Gen. Ernst Rommel,The Desert Fox
Gen. Bernard LawMontgomery(Monty)
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British Crusader tank passes a Nazi Panzer
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The Italian Campaign Operation Torch
Europes Soft Underbelly

• Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area - North
  Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1943
• George S. Patton leads American troops
• Germans trapped in Tunisia - surrender over
  275,000 troops.

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Italian Campaign

• Allies attack up through Italy
• Mussolini eventually arrested and shot by Italian
  partisans
• Germans refuse to surrender Italy (440)

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Execution of Italian General
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Operation Barbarossa June 22, 1941

• 3,000,000 German soldiers.
• 3,400 tanks.

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Battle of Stalingrad

• Germany opens 2 front war in 1941
• Soviets adopt scorched earth policy
• Sept, 1942 (through early 43)- Russian army
  makes stand at Stalingrad
• Urban fighting (Russian-hugging tactics!)
• Nazis lose 330,000 soldiers! (Russia- 470,000
  91,000 civilians!)
• (not one step backwards)

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END Here
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• Next for Allies (after Italy)- attack France from
  Britain

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D-Day (Operation Overlord)

• June 6, 1944 Allied invasion of Nazi occupied
  France -amphibious, from England
• Led by General Eisenhower
• 5 beaches -Normandy
• (Full moon, spring tide weather overcast-Germans
  unsuspecting)
• 150,000 soldiers landed -some paratroopers

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• (Conn connection?)
• (fake field hospitals/ammo)
• Paris liberated August 25, 1944

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D-Day (June 6, 1944)
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Normandy Landing (June
6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
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Battle of the Bulge

• Germanys final counter attack
• Victory seemed absurd (not enough gas!)
• Winter 1944-45
• Fought (US) by non-combat personnel (clerks,
  cooks, mechanics)
• Costliest single battle in US History-100,000
  casualties (Germans much higher!)

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• The Allies were surprised by the attack. They
  had received little intelligence that such an
  attack would take place.
• Ø Before the attack started, English speaking
  German soldiers dressed in American uniforms went
  behind the lines of the Allies and caused havoc
  by spreading misinformation, changing road signs
  and cutting telephone lines. Those who were
  caught were shot after a court martial.
• Ø The weather was also in Hitlers favour. Low
  cloud and fog meant that the superior air force
  of the Allies could not be used especially the
  tank-busting Typhoons of the RAF or Mustang
  fighters from the USAAF which would have been
  used against the German tanks. Though the weather
  was typical for the Ardennes in winter, the
  ground was hard enough for military vehicles to
  cross and this suited the armoured attack Hitler
  envisaged.

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