Anatomy%20and%20Physiology-%20Unit%20C

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Anatomy and Physiology- Unit C
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Essential Standard 5.00

• Discuss the role of major systems of small
  animals.

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Objective 5.01

• Discuss the role of major body systems of small
  animals.

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Basic Anatomy Terminology

• Cheek- fleshy side of the face
• Dewlap- loose skin under the chin (female
  rabbits)
• Elbow- upper joint of the front leg
• Flank- fleshy part of the side between ribs and
  rump (croup)
• Foot pad- part that the animal walks on
• Guard hair- longer coarse hair above the shorter
  under fur (protection from rain and cold)

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Basic Anatomy Terminology

• Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb
• Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth)
• Nose pad
• Tip of the nose
• Used for investigating food and unfamiliar
  objects
• Called the nose leather in cats

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Basic Anatomy Terminology

• Rump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter
  (a.k.a. croup)
• Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg
• Stifle- joint above the hock
• Thigh- area between the rump and hock
• Whiskers- long hairs growing near the mouth

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Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds

• Crown
• top of the head
• Ear covert
• feathers covering the ears
• Nape
• back of the neck
• Orbital ring
• ring around the eye

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Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and
Reptiles

• Brille
• transparent layer covering eyes
• Eyelid for snakes
• Fins
• Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage rods
• Enables fish to move through water

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Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and
Reptiles

• Gills
• Major organ of the respiratory system
• Breath without lungs
• Scales
• Modified portion of the epidermal layer
• Provides protection
• Fish and reptiles
• Scutes
• Epidermal scales found on turtles

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Skeletal System

• Purpose-to protect vital body organs and give
  form or shape to the body
• Skull protects brain
• Ribs protect lungs and internal organs
• Spinal column or backbone protects the spinal
  cord and provides shape to the animal.

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Skeletal System

• Axial skeleton
• Vertebral column
• Ribs
• Sternum
• skull

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Dog Skeleton
http//images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/ta
rgets/illus/ilt/000f09ca.gif
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Dog Skeleton
http//www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/im
ages/S23.GIF
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Skeletal System

• Pectoral limb
• front limbs
• shoulders, legs and feet
• scapula (shoulder blade)
• humerus (arm)
• radius and ulna (forearm)
• carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)

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http//www.uoguelph.ca/mammals/CatSkeleton.jpg
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http//www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zoo.225/
Catskeleton.jpeg
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Skeletal System

• Pelvic limb
• rear legs and pelvic bones
• hooks
• pin bones
• femur (upper leg bone)
• tibia and fibula (lower leg bones)
• Tarsals (hocks)
• Metatarsals (feet)
• Phalanges (toes)

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Rabbit Skeleton
http//www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/foods/458-878/rabbit.gi
f
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Rabbit Skeleton
http//www.avte.net/AVTE2003/contents/anatomy/lab
20animal/rabbit_skeleton.jpg
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Skeletal System-Birds

• Have some unique bones unlike mammals
• Most have a skull bone that elongates toward the
  front of the head
• Some have a skull with an upper beak fused to it
  while other birds have hinges on both upper and
  lower mandibles giving it more flexibility

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http//www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/pr
intouts/Skeleton.shtml
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Internal Anatomy

• Heart
• major organ in the circulatory system
• 3 muscle layers

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Circulatory System

• Myocardium
• second layer muscle that makes up the thickness
  of the heart
• Endocardium
• thin layer inside myocardium
• Epicardium
• thin cover over the myocardium
• Other parts of the circulatory system are the
  arteries, capillaries, veins and blood

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Layers of the Heart
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Heart
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Circulatory System- Functions

• Transports
• nutrients
• metabolic waste
• oxygen
• Protects against microbes and injury

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Kidneys and Bladder

• Part of the excretory system
• rids the body of waste
• maintain chemical composition
• volume of blood
• regulates tissue fluid

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Stomach and Intestines

• Major part of digestive system
• breaks food down into smaller pieces to be used
  by the body
• Nutrients are gleaned from these food materials

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Lungs

• Part of the respiratory system
• oxygen is taken in by the nose, passed on to the
  lungs and then goes into the blood

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Nervous System

• Brains, spinal cord, and nerves
• Coordinator of all body activities
• Regulates other systems
• Controls memory and learning

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Reproductive system

• Ovaries and testes
• Egg
• Sperm
• Help produce new individuals of the same species

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Muscular System

• Muscles
• Movement
• Posture
• Support
• Produces heat

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Digestive System

• Single-stomached
• Monogastric
• includes all of the small animals
• Cats
• Dogs
• Rabbits
• Birds

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Rabbits

• Non-ruminant herbivores
• Consumes large amounts of roughage
• Large cecum and colon between the small and large
  intestines
• contains bacteria

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Rabbit Digestive System
http//courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/
gut_photos/mammal_digestive_photos.htm
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Rabbits

• Rabbits eat undigested feces
• Coprophagy
• Usually occurs late night or early morning
• Makes use of undigested material so they can make
  full use of bacteria in cecum

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Birds

• Lack teeth
• Saliva is added to aid in swallowing
• Very little breakdown in the mouth
• Gizzard
• Largest digestive organ
• Grinds and crushes

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Digestive System- Bird
http//www.biologycorner.com/resources/bird_anatom
y.jpg
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Digestive Process of Non-Ruminants

• Food is broken down in mouth (except birds)
• Passes to the stomach
• Small Intestine
• Primary site of absorption
• Large Intestine
• Absorption of Water
• Addition of mucus

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Digestive Process

• Food is broken down in the mouth (except birds),
  stomach (gizzard), and then passed into the small
  intestine.
• Primary site for digestion
• Absorption of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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Digestive Process

• Undigested food passes from the small intestine
  into the large intestine
• Absorption of water
• Addition of mucus to aid in waste passage

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Fish Digestive System

• Systems vary
• Type of feed determines teeth
• Some fish swallow their prey whole while others
  chew it up

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Fish digestive system
http//animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resourc
es/Grzimek_fish/structure_function/digestive_syste
m.jpg/medium.jpg
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Reproduction in Small Animals

• Sexual Reproduction is the union of egg and sperm
  to product a new animal.
• Two parents required
• Male furnishes sperm
• Female supplies egg or ovum

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Sexual Terminology

• Conception
• Creation of new life by fertilization
• Union of egg and sperm
• Estrus
• Heat period
• Female is receptive to breeding
• Stand for mating

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Estrus- Stand for mating
http//www.clas.ufl.edu/jur/199912/images/balaguer
_4.jpg
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Sexual Terminology

• Gestation
• Period of pregnancy
• Begins at conception ends at parturition
• Ovulation
• Release of egg
• Parturition
• Process of giving birth

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Female Reproductive Anatomy

• Ovary
• Primary reproductive organ
• Produces the female gamete (egg)
• Gamete
• Sex cell that unites with other sex cells
• Embryo
• Developing young
• Mammals
• Enters uterus after 3-5 days

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Female Reproductive Anatomy

• Uterus
• Place of embryo growth and development
• Cervix
• Part of uterus that contains rings
• Cervical mucus
• Seals uterus during pregnancy

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Female Reproductive Anatomy

• Vagina
• Reproductive passageway
• Urine excretion
• Vulva
• External opening of reproductive tract

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Male Reproductive Anatomy

• Testicle
• Primary organ
• Produces male gametes
• Externally held in scrotum
• Controls temperature
• Sheath
• Fold of skin
• Protective covering

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Objective 12.02

• Use principals of reproductive physiology to
  determine gestation characteristics in small
  animals

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Gestation

• Time from conception to parturition (birth)
• Varies for each species
• General Characteristics
• Increase size of breast and abdomen and appetite
• Restlessness
• End of gestation

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End of Gestation

• Pocket pets and rabbits
• Nesting box should be provided
• Wood shavings
• Straw
• Paper
• Dogs and cats
• Birthing box
• One to three weeks prior
• Helps them to get comfortable with the setting

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Gestation Period
Species Period (days)
Cats 51-65 (7-9 weeks)
Dogs 56-70 (9-10 weeks)
Rabbits 30-32 (4-4.5 weeks)
Hamsters 16
Gerbils 24-26
Rats 21-24
Mice 21-24
Guinea Pig 56-74
Ferrets 42
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Essential Standard 6.00

• Examine the role of nutrition in the support of
  animal life.

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Objective 6.01

• Discuss the nutritional requirements of small
  animals including deficiency symptoms and
  functions.

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Nutrition

• Process by which animals receive a proper and
  balanced food and water ration so it can grow,
  maintain its body, reproduce, and perform.

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Nutrients

• Substance or feedstuff that is necessary for an
  organism to live and grow
• Single group of foods of the same general
  chemical composition that supports animal life
• There are six basic nutrients

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Water

• More important nutrient than any other nutrient
• makes up 55-65 of an animals body

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Water

• Aids in digestion
• Dissolves and transports nutrients
• Regulates body temperature
• Carries waste from the body
• Supports respiration

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Proteins

• Complex nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen,
  oxygen, and nitrogen
• Develop and repairing body organs and tissues
• muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers

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Proteins

• Production of milk, wool, and eggs
• Reproduction process of the developing fetus
• Developing the young
• Transmitting DNA

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Carbohydrates

• Converting of food into energy
• Made up of chemical elements
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Supports breathing and digesting

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Carbohydrates

• Production of heat for body warmth
• Stores fat
• Types of carbohydrates
• Sugars
• Starch
• fiber

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Fats

• Chemical elements of
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Same elements as carbohydrates but different
  combinations

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Fats

• Fats contain 2.25 times more energy
• Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins
• A, D, E and K
• Provides the essential fatty acids needed in an
  animals diet

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Vitamins

• Organic substances needed for specific
  biochemical reactions
• A,B, C, D, E and K
• Needed in small amounts

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Vitamins

• Regulation of body glands
• Digestive system
• Absorption
• Metabolism
• The chemical processes occurring within a living
  cell or organism that are necessary for the
  maintenance of life. In metabolism some
  substances are broken down to yield energy for
  vital processes while other substances, necessary
  for life, are synthesized.

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Minerals

• Supply the material for building the skeleton and
  producing regulators such as enzymes and hormones
• Divided into 2 groups
• Macro
• Micro

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Macro vs. Micro

• Macro
• Seven major minerals needed in largest quantity
  and most likely lacking in the ration
• Micro
• Nine trace minerals needed in small amounts

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Macro-minerals

• Phosphorus
• Calcium
• Potassium
• Sodium and chlorine
• Sulfur
• Magnesium

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Micro-minerals

• Iron
• Iodine
• Copper
• Cobalt
• Manganese

• Zinc
• Molybdenum
• Selenium
• Fluorine

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Nutrient Deficiencies

• Slow growth
• (common of all nutrients)
• Water deficiency
• Overheating
• slowdown in normal body functions occurs
• Carbohydrates
• lack of energy
• Lack of normal body functions
• loss of body heat

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Nutrient Deficiencies

• Proteins
• Normal growth development and repairing of body
  organs ex muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves,
  and feathers suffers
• Protein deficiency may result
• Anorexia
• Anemia
• Edema
• Slow growth rate
• Low birth weight of young
• Lower milk production
• Decreased feed efficiency

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Nutrient Deficiencies

• Fats
• Provides energy
• aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
• Vitamins
• various body functions will suffer when vitamins
  are lacking
• Depends on the vitamins in question

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Nutrient Deficiencies

• Mineral deficiency
• low rate of gains
• poor feed efficiency
• decreased reproduction
• decrease in milk, meat, eggs, and wool production

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Objective 6.02

• Distinguish between feeding programs for small
  animals.

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Nutrient Use

• Maintenance
• keeping constant
• no gain or loss of weight
• usually high in carbohydrates and fats
• Growth
• increase in body size
• rations high in energy and protein

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Nutrient Use

• Reproduction
• Failures are a major result from poor nutrition
• Contains a large amount of protein, minerals, and
  vitamins
• Improper nutrition can affect conception rates
  and breeding ability

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Reproduction

• Babies that are underweight at birth, or which
  become an aborted fetus are often the result of
  improper nutrition to female during gestation

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Nutrient Use

• Lactation
• Time during which females are producing milk
• Requires the proper nutrients to have large milk
  production

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Lactation

• Diet high in protein, calcium, and phosphorus.
• The same nutrients contained in the milk are the
  same needed by a lactating female

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Nutrient Use

• Work and activity
• Increased amounts of fats and carbohydrates are
  needed in a working diet to supply the extra
  energy needed
• Hunting dogs need special diets because they
  require energy to chase after game

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Feeding Terminology

• Diet
• Feed and water that an animal uses
• Amount and type of feedstuff is based upon
• Animal Needs
• Kind of and amounts of nutrients contained in
  feed
• Palatability- digestible and appeals to the
  animal
• A good nutritious feed is only good if it is eaten

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Feeding Terminology

• Feed classifications
• Roughages (or forages)
• made up of leaves and the plants tender stems

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Feeding Terminology

• Concentrates
• recommended for small animals as a regular part
  of their diet
• High energy
• Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats
• High protein
• Soybean meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower meal

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Feeding Terminology

• Supplements
• contains a specific nutrient
• Ration
• feed that contains the right amount and
  proportion of nutrients

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Specific Diets

• Dogs and Cats
• Commercial feed is the best
• Puppies need diet higher in protein than adults
  and food intake is regulated by activity
• Cats need 2X the protein of dogs
• 10 of their diet should be fat

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Rabbits

• Pellet type of commercial feed is best
• Avoid feeding too much leafy green vegetables

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Pocket Pets

• Best to use pellet type commercial feed
• If mixing ration should have a wide range of
  food

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Pocket Pets

• Gerbils
• Need a little green food in diet
• Rats
• Can have dog food substituted
• Ferrets
• Can eat cat food

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Pocket Pets

• Mice
• Will not overeat
• Guinea pigs
• Need solid food to dull their teeth and a certain
  amount of Vitamin C

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Amphibians Reptiles

• Prefer to eat animals if large enough
• Tadpoles
• eat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat food
• Turtles
• Pieces of liver
• Strawberries and other fruits

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Amphibians Reptiles

• Snakes (in captivity)
• Full grown can learn to eat canned dog food
• Variety of insects
• Baby rodents
• Frogs and toads
• Lizards
• Most eat insects

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Birds

• Diet mostly consists of seeds
• Including cereal seeds and oil seeds
• Fruit and nectar birds
• Oranges
• Grapes
• Apple slices

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Fish

• Diet is affected by water temperature
• Higher temperature
• Increased food intake
• Variety of food should be given to decrease
  boredom

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Fish

• Amount fish is fed should be amount it can eat in
  a few minutes to avoid contaminating water
• Smaller fish
• Flaked food
• Larger Fish
• Shrimp
• Krill
• Plankton