Dawn of the Industrial Age

1
Dawn of the Industrial Age

• For thousands of years, most of human
  civilization lived and worked in small farming
  villages.
• However, in the mid-1700s, in Britain, a chain
  of events occurred that would change civilization
  forever!
• It was a slow change that saw small hand tools
  give way to large pieces of farming equipment.
• It was not limited to British farmsit soon
  transformed peoples lives all over the world.

2
Industrial Revolution

• Farming in the middle ages
• Villages feed themselves.
• One of three fields left fallow to regain
  fertility.
• Animals grazed in common pastures.

• Disadvantages
• Land use inefficient.
• Farmers didnt experiment with new farming
  methods.
• As population grows, more food is needed.

3
Agricultural Revolution

• Enclosure Movement
• Wealthy landlords fenced in common pastures and
  experimented with new farming technology.
• Villages lost common lands and peasants became
  poorer.
• Crop rotation
• Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop
  replenished by planting different crops
• Field not left inefficiently fallow.

4
Enclosure Movement in Britain
5
Agricultural Revolution

• Other Advancements
• Seed drill planted seeds efficiently.
• Results of the Agricultural Revolution
• More food available
• Population increased

6
Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism

• A Merchants Role in the Cottage Industry
• Supplied materials wool and cotton- to cottages
  to be spun.
• Took supplies from spinning cottage to weaving
  cottage to dyeing cottage to sell finished cloth.
• Merchants sell product for more than material and
  labor cost.

• Capitalism
• An economic system based on private ownership,
  free competition, and profit.
• Cottage industry is an example of early
  capitalism.
• New class of merchants would set up an
  enterprise- business organization.
• Money earned by business leaders and peasants.

7
The Textile Industry and Factory System

• Textile Industry Invented
• Cottage industry couldnt keep up with demand for
  textiles.
• Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame,
  improved spinning.
• Power loom sped up weaving.
• Cotton gin separated seeds from cotton.

• Rise of the Factory
• New machines, often too big for homes, were put
  in factories.
• Factories located near power source coal, iron,
  water.
• Prices of mass-produced textiles were much lower
  than hand-produced items.
• Britains textile industry increased enormously.
• Factories became the work place for many peasants!

8
Steam Engine Energy for the Industrial
Revolution

• The Need for Energy
• Steam engine evolved in response to the
  increasing need for power.
• The effects of the steam engine
• Steam power, used where ever coal existed,
  increased textile production.
• Improved mining which increased metals which in
  turn fueled other industries.

• How the Steam Engine Works
• Steam is forced from high to low pressure.
• Water is heated in a container that is sealed
  w/the exception of a valve.
• It escapes the high pressure area of the
  container through the valve.
• The steam is then forced upward, pushing a
  piston, which in turn produces power.

9
How the Steam Engine Works
http//www.animatedengines.com/locomotive.html
10
Iron and Coal Energy for the Industrial
Revolution

• The Need for Iron
• Farming tools, new factory machinery, railways,
  etc.
• Iron smelting is a chemical process by which
  impurities are removed from compound iron ore.
• During the smelting process, carbon and heat are
  applied to the iron ore.
• This changes the metals atomic structure.
• The resulting STEEL is both more flexible and
  more durable.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vi6BIyQJZdTg

• The Need for Coal
• Coal was abundant in Britain.
• Coal was required to operate steam engines.
• Coal was a major export for the country.
• One note
• Britain produced more iron than all other
  countries of the world combined!

11
Transportation

• The Need for Better Transportation
• Increased production also increased the need to
  transport goods quickly and cheaply.
• Pre-Industrial society used horses, mules, and
  dirt roads.

• Inventions/Effects of Railroads
• Railroads expanded rapidly throughout Britain.
• Cheaper transportation increased production and
  profits.
• Railways fueled other industries coal, steam
  engines, iron, steel and many manufactured
  products.

12
Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution

• Geography
• Climate good for textile production.
• Plenty of natural resources such as iron and
  coal.
• Separation from the European continent kept them
  out of wars.

• Government
• Trade encouraged
• Promoted capitalism
• Helped build canals and roads.

13
Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution

• Colonial Empire
• Supplied raw material for manufactured goods.
• Provided market for goods
• Advantages of Industrializing first
• No other countries producing goods on a large
  scale.
• Monopoly on technology