Tectonics

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Tectonics
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• Describe the distribution of earthquakes,
  volcanoes and fold mountains in relation to plate
  margins.
• Describe the causes and effects of earthquakes
  and volcanic eruptions

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Types of plate boundary

• Constructive, e.g. Mid Atlantic Ridge
• Destructive, e.g. South America
• Conservative e.g. San Andreas.

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Types of volcano

• Composite cone volcano
• Shield volcano

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Impact of volcanoes on people

• Disadvantages
• Death!!
• Lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars, ash fall
• Climate change
• Loss of income and farm land
• Loss of houseing

• Advantages
• Fertile soils
• Geothermal power
• Tourism
• diamonds

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Mount Etna
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• The fertile volcanic soils support extensive
  agriculture with vineyards and orchards spread
  across the lower slopes of the mountain and the
  broad Plain of Catania to the south.
• They can generate electricity from the volcano
  using geothermal power
• The volcano attracts tourists and residents of
  nearby Messina and Catania earn money from
  renting accommodation to tourists
• The Italian government have invested money in
  prediction and they are willing to take the risk
• The height of the volcano gives snow, - skiing

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Earthquakes

• Measured on the Richter scale
• Primary effects include collapsed buildings
• Secondary effects include gas fires, disease and
  tsunamis

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Effects of tectonic activity

• More deaths occur in LEDCs
• Greatest financial loss occurs in MEDCs
• More deaths occur in urban areas
• The time of day is important.

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Why difference in countries?

• Poor quality buildings/infrastructure/roads/bridge
  s
• which easily collapse
• As building regulations are not enforced
• High population densities
• Poor medical services/hospitals/get destroyed
• Therefore people cannot be properly treated for
  their injuries
• Lack of planning/emergency procedures/emergency
  shelters/level of preparation
• Poor education eg earthquake precautions
• Lack of money for re-building/assistance/rescue
  etc.

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Case study Earthquakes

• Maharashtra, India, intraplate 30 Sept, 1993
• 4.00 am
• 6.4
• 22,000 dead
• 10,000, in anything
• 4,800
• Points to note
• Housing, disease , water, rescue 36 hours after
  by scouts, by hand

• Los Angeles, USA, interplate 17 Jan 1994
• 4.31 am
• 6.6
• 47 dead
• 20,000, in tents
• 2,300 Injured
• Points to note
• Fires, water, housing Infrastructure , FEMA,
  economy

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Fold mountains
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Living in the fold mountains

• The main activities in the Alps are connected
  with
• Tourism
• dairy farming
• Forestry
• HEP
• and industry.

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Problems of fold mountain areas

• These include
• Climate
• Transport
• Farming
• Industry
• and low population density