ANCIENT GREECE

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ANCIENT GREECE
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Literature

• Homer wrote the Iliad and Odyssey
• Iliad relates the adventures of Greek Military
  expeditions against the city of Troy
• Odyssey follows Odysseus journey home after the
  war
• Represent the values of Hellenic civilization and
  used to teach students the excellence of their
  culture and dignity

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Bonds Uniting Greeks

• Gods controlled nature
• Religion polytheistic
• Zeus chief god
• Apollo sun god
• Athena goddess of wisdom
• Aphrodite goddess of love

• Characteristics of gods
• They all lived at the top of Mt. Olympus
• Gods personal lives talked about in Greek
  mythology
• Priests received prophecies from the gods at holy
  places called oracles
• Oracle at Delphi was Apollo oracle, Greeks
  would go here to seek advice

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Bonds Uniting Greeks

• Olympic Games
• Held in honor of the gods
• Athletic contests held every 4 years in Olympia
• Fear of Persia
• All Greeks feared that the Persian Empire planned
  to conquer them.

• War against Persia
• Persia controlled most of Middle East and Asia
  Minor (Greek Colonies)
• Darius, king of Persia set out to annex all of
  Greece

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Persian War

• Battle of Marathon
• Darius invaded Greece and was defeated at
  Marathon
• A Greek messenger ran 26 miles to Athens to share
  the news and died.

• King Xerxes (480 BC)
• Son of Darius
• Launched attack at the Pass of Thermopylae in
  northern Greece.
• Defeated Spartans
• Took Athens
• Greeks rallied
• Greece saved

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POLIS
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Polis

• A city-state
• city, villages, fields surround an acropolis
  (fortified hill)
• Citizens in polis had rights and responsibilities
  (vote, own property, etc)
• In return, they had to serve in govt or defend
  the polis in times of war
• Citizens were only land owning men
• Women, slaves, foreigners were not citizens and
  had no political, legal rights

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Trade

• Growth of population forced people to look
  elsewhere for food b/c of bad soil
• SolutionTRADE!!
• How can you make trading easier without
  bartering?
• USE MONEY!!

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ATHENS
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- Unlike Sparta they developed a constitution
that stated all free, Athenian-born men were
citizensregardless of what social class
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Children in Athens

• Boys given an education, as they were expected to
  hold office as a citizen one day
• Girls received no formal education, just
  household training from mother
• Private tutors or schools

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Children in Athens (contd)

• Wealthy girls would marry their fathers choice
  at 15
• Peasant girls would choose a husband from the
  field
• Boys would train for future jobs after school
• They entered the military after graduation and
  then went onto careers such as businessmen or
  Olympic athletes

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Women in Athens

• Wore clothes to depict their status in society
• Purple you were rich
• Most important job for all women is having
  children
• Women not allowed to eat/sleep in same room as
  men, go to market or Olympics

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Men in Athens

• Like their wives, wore clothes equal to their
  status
• In charge of family and house
• Given the most responsibility in Greece, so the
  most important people in Greece

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Culture of Greece During the Golden Age
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Greek Architecture

• Its style and influence is around the world
• 3 types of columns
• Doric (simple)
• Ionic (more decorative with scrolls)
• Corinthian (most elaborate, lots of plant leaves)

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 Doric column
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Public Building in NY
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Ohio State Capitol Building
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The Palace at Knossos
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Temple of Hera Doric Style
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Temple of Athena Ionic Style
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Architecture

• erected many beautiful public buildings such as
  temples, gymnasiums, and theaters
• most famous ones are
• Acropolis
• Partheno
• PAINTINGS
• illustrated myths and everyday life

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Sculpture

• greatest Greek art
• not many still in existence
• sculptors included
• Myron and his Discus Thrower
• Phidias who created statue of Zeus at the Temple
  of Olympia
• Colossus of Rhodes-bronze statue more than 100
  feet high from Hellenistic culture

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Drama

• First people to write and perform plays
• Used to honor the gods
• Little props/scenery

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Tragedies

• Earliest Greek plays
• Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides ? writers of
  tragedies
• One of the most famous is Oresteia, on the Trojan
  Wars.
• COMEDIES Aristophanes, one of the most famous
  comedic writers
• Made fun of Athens

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Philosophy

• S ? SocratesP ? PlatoA ? Aristotle

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Greek Philosophizers

• Philosophy to understand people and
  relationships to gods
• Socrates (469 399) know thyself. Used
  Socratic Method to find truth (persistent
  questioning) Put to death for corrupting youth
• Plato (427- 347) studied under Socrates. wrote
  discussions (dialogues) of ethics, religion and
  beauty.
• There is no moral action in the world, moral
  action comes from yourself (introspection)
• Republic most famous work, described ideal govt.
  an aristocracy of intelligent trained rulers

• Aristotle (384-322)
• Student of Plato and Also tutored Alex the Great
• He questioned nature of world and human thought
  and knowledge- invented a method for arguing
  using rules (scientific method)

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Hellenistic Philosophers

• Epicurus
• Gods had no interest in humans
• Zeno
• Proposed people should live lives that were in
  harmony with nature or their gods wills

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Hellenistic Scientists

• Pythagoras (582-507) a philosopher and
  mathematician, discovered math principles still
  studied in geometry
• Democritus (460-352) a philosopher and scientist,
  advanced the theory that all matter is composed
  of small invisible atoms
• Medicine Hippocrates
• father of modern medicine
• Hippocratic oath