Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation ?

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Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation ?
Chapter 4
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• Sources of Research Ideas ?
• Gender Bias in Research Ideas
• Ideas Not Capable of Scientific Investigation
• Review of the Literature ?
• Feasibility of the Study ?
• Formulating the Research Problem ?
• Formulating Hypotheses ?

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4.1 Sources of Research Ideas
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• Everyday Life
• Practical Issues
• Hypnosis ? eyewitness Fig 4.1
• Drug abuse
• Past Research ?
• Theory ?
• Many other sources

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4.1.3 Past Research
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• Experimental design Control
• Explanation of the data
• Alternative explanations (EV)
• Implication of the results
• Alternative explanations (Mechanism,
  Theory)
• Further research
• Issue
• ??????????????????

gtgt 4.1
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4.1.4 Theory
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• Definition
• A group of logically organized and
  deductively related laws (Marx, 1963)
• Function
• Goal summarize and integrate existing knowledge
• Tool guide research

gtgt 4.1
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4.4 Review of the Literature -1
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• Purpose of the literature review
• Identify if the topic has been researched
• Provide design ideas
• Identify methodological problems
• Identify special needs
• Provide information for the research report

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4.4 Review of the Literature -2
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• Getting Started
• Know how to use the library
• Narrow down the topic area
• Defining Objectives

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4.4 Review of the Literature -3
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• Doing the Search
• Books
• Psychological Journals (Psychological Abstracts)
• Computerized or Electronic Databases
• PsycINFO Tab 4.1 Others Tab 4.3
• Search (Keyword) ? Abstract (Exhibit 4.2 p.108)
• ? Full article
• Guide for reading journal articles Tab 4.2

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4.4 Review of the Literature -4 (end)
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• Doing the Search
• Internet Resources
• E-mail
• Listserv discussion groups
• World Wide Web Tab 4.4 Tab 4.5
• Obtaining Resources
• obtain a copy full-text electronic copy PubMed
• Additional Information Sources
• Professional meetings Tab 4.6
• Contact with individual researchers

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4.5 Feasibility of the Study
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• Time
• Type of research participants
• Expense
• Expertise of the experimenter
• Ethical sensitivity

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4.6 Formulating the Research Problem
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• ??
• 1. Defining a Research Problem
• 2. Specificity of the Question

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4.6.0 Formulating the Research Problem
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• ????
• 1. ????????? (currently known)
• 2. ?????????
• ???
• ????
• How collect data
• By what method
• (Paradigm ????)

gtgt 4.6
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4.6.1 Defining a Research Problem
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• Definition of a research problem (Kerlinger,
  1973)
• An interrogative sentence that asks
• What relation exists between two or more
  variables?
• Criteria for good research problems
• Variables should express a relation
• Stated in question form
• Imply possibilities of empirical testing

gtgt 4.6
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4.6.2 Specificity of the Question
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• ? (a problem, but vague)
• What effect does the environment have on learning
  ability?
• Why specify
• 1. ????????
• 2. ????????
• (?) ??????

gtgt 4.6
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4.7 Formulating Hypothesis -1
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• Definition of Hypothesis
• The best prediction or a tentative solution to
  a problem
• Sources
• Literature review
• Formulated from theory
• Criteria
• Must be capable of being refuted or confirmed

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4.7 Formulating Hypothesis -2 (end)
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• Scientific hypo. vs. Null hypo.
• Reject null hypo. ? support scientific
  hypo.
• If hypo. Not confirmed
• Hypo. Is false
• Some Error in conception of hypo.