Warm up- page 6

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Warm up- page 6

• Id these words in your own words
• X chromosome
• Testosterone
• Gender role
• Gender Identity
• Gender typing
• Norm
• Social Learning Theory
• Gender Schema Theory

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Chapter 4 Developmental Psychology pt. 1

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Developmental Psychology

• Branch of psychology that studies physical,
  cognitive, and social changes through out the
  life span.
• Look for commonalities between us.
• Look at issues of
• Nature/nurture
• Continuity/Stages
• Stability/Change

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Prenatal Development

• Zygote fertilized eggeventually develops into
  a embryo after 2 weeks.
• Cells rapidly start dividing to create a
  multicellular organism and differentiate to
  create organs.
• Fewer than half survive to become embryos.

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Prenatal Development

• Embryo developing human organism. Considered
  embryo from 2 weeks to 2nd month.
• This stage is when pregnancy is officially
  establishedwoman will miss period.
• Week 4-8 are when all major organs begin
  functioning.

When teratogens have greatest effect.
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Prenatal Development

• Fetus developing human organism from 9 weeks
  after conception until birth.
• After 12 weeks most of major development is
  finished except for brain and lungs.
• Responsive to sound
• After 6 monthspremature babies organs
  sufficiently formed to allow chance of survival.

Week 16
Week 20
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Teratogens

• Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can
  reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal
  development and cause harm.
• Examples AIDS virus, drugs, alcohol can all be
  passed onto baby and cause damage.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

• No safe amount of alcohol
• 1 in 750 infants
• Small, misproportioned head, brain abnormalities
• Leading cause of mental retardation

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Newborn Capacities

• Come equipped with reflexes ideally suited for
  survival. Ex rooting reflex babys tendency
  when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and
  search for food.

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Newborn Capacities

• Habituation describes infants decreasing
  responsiveness to repeated stimuli. Infer that
  newborns have cognitive ability to differentiate
  between different visual stimuli.

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Maturation

• Biological growth processes that enable orderly
  changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by
  experience.
• Genetic blueprint unfolding
• Stand before walking
• In terms of brain development, natural
  maturation causes neural interconnection to
  multiply rapidly after birth.
• However, severe deprivation and abuse will retard
  development. Furthermore, increased stimulation
  will cause early neural connections.
• Maturation sets the basic course of development
  experience adjusts it.

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Maturation and Memory

• Earliest memory is hardly before age 3
• After age ¾ we organize memories different

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Normal Maturation
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Maturation and Motor Skills

• Maturation also influences motor development.
• The sequence of complex physical skills, from
  sitting, standing, walking, are nearly universal
  are across the world.
• Overall, experience has a limited effect until
  certain muscular or neural maturation occurs.
  Ex Potty Training.

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• Cognitive Development

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Jean Piaget

• Developed stages of cognitive development
• Mental activities associated with thinking,
  knowing, remembering and communicating
• Schemas concepts of phenomena developed by
  humans that increase with development. Adjusted
  by
• Assimilation interpreting ones new experience
  in terms of ones existing schemas. Ex kids and
  doggies
• Accommodation adapting ones current
  understandings (schemas) to incorporate new
  information. Ex new schema for groundhog.

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Know This Chart
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Piagets Stages

• Stage 1 Sensorimotor birth to 2, experience
  world mostly through your senses and movement.
• Major Development During this stage
• Stranger Anxiety
• Object Permanence awareness that things
  continue to exist even when not perceived. Why
  Babies like peek-a-boo.

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Piagets Stages

• Stage 2 Preoperational 2-6, child learns to
  represent things with language but does not
  understand concrete logic.
• Major Development During this stage
• Pretend Play
• Language Development
• Egocentrism inability to take another point of
  view.

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Theory Of Mind

• Although still egocentric they begin to form a
  theory of mind
• Realizing that people have minds and think
• Ask Why?
• Begin to empathize,tease, take another
  perspective

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Autism

• A disorder characterized by deficient
  communication and social interaction

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Lev Vygotsky

• Age 7 children no longer need to always think
  out loud
• Pre operational and operational
• Use inner speech

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Piagets Stages

• Stage 3 Concrete Operational 7 to 11, child
  begins to think concretely and complete math
  operations.
• Major Development During this Stage
• 1. Conservation principle that mass, volume,
  and number remain the same despite their form.

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Piagets Stages

• Stage 4 Formal Operational 12 to adulthood,
  ability to abstractly reason and use abstract
  logic.
• Major Developments During This Stage
• Abstract Logic hypothetical situations, ideas
  like communism
• Mature Moral Reasoning ideas like right to
  life, right to liberty, Etc.

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Current Thinking

• Piagets sequence is right but timing is not
  exact.
• Some cognitive events occur earlier than he
  thought and process as a whole is more
  continuous.
• Did not give children enough credit

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Warm up

• pick up warm up off of the overhead. Work in
  groups to complete it
• All work must be complete in 10 minuets

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Social Development
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Attachment

• Emotional tie with another person shown in young
  children by their seeking closeness to the
  caregiver and showing distress on separation.

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Harlows Theory of Attachment

• Attachment is based on
• Body Contact
• Familiarity
• Responsive Parenting

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Body Contact

• Infants become intensely attached to entitities
  that provide comfortable body contact to them.
  Things like rocking, warmth, and feeding make
  attachment stronger.
• IMPORTANCE NOT nourishment that provides
  attachment as originally thought.

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Familiarity

• Also key in understanding attachment.
• A.) Critical Period optimal period shortly
  after birth when certain events must take place
  to facilitate proper development. Ex First
  moving object a duckling sees it will attach to
  as its motherwould follow person, moving ball,
  etc.
• B.) Imprinting process by which certain
  animals form attachments during a critical period
  very early in life. NOT FOR HUMANS. However do
  become attached to what they know.

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Responsive Parenting

• Responsive Parenting leads to secure attachment.
• Secure Attachment in mothers presence will
  explore new territories and play comfortably.
  When mother leaves will become distressed, when
  returns will seek contact with her.
• 60 of all infants

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Responsive Parenting

• Insecure Attachment in mothers presence are
  less likely to explore their surroundings cling
  to mother. When leaves, cry loudly and remain
  upset or seem indifferent to their mothers
  comings and goings.

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Why Secure or Insecure

• Mary Ainsworth
• Studied 1 year olds in strange situations
  without mothers
• Found- sensitive, responsive mothers had secure
  children
• Found- insensitive, unresponsive mothers, mothers
  who respond when convenient, had insecurely
  attached children

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Secure Attachment predicts social competency

• Securely attached children approach life with
  basic trust
• A sense that the world is predictable and
  reliable
• Attachment also reflects romance styles

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Consequences of Insecure Attachment

• Under conditions of abuse and neglect, humans are
  often withdrawn, frightened, even speechless.
• Harlows monkeys often incapable of mating or
  extremely abusive, neglectful, or murderous
  towards first-born.
• Most abusers were abused abused are more likely
  to abuseeven though the majority of them dont.

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Disruption of Attachment

• Separation from loved ones can have devastating
  results
• If removed and placed in a more stable
  environment most effects of the separation
  disappear
• Adults also suffer when attachment bonds are
  severed

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Daycare and Attachment

• Children need consistent, warm relationships with
  people they can trust
• Daycare has both good and bad effects

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Self Concept

• Self- Concept- a sense of their own identity and
  personal worth
• Develops by age 12
• The next big step after attachment

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Parental Authority Questionnaire

• 1. Permissive- relatively warm, non demanding,
  noncontrolling parent
• s- 1,6,10,13,14,17,19,21,24,28
• 2. Authoritarian- parents who value unquestioning
  obedience and attempt to control their childrens
  behaviors, often through punitive disciplinary
  practices
• s- 2,3,7,9,12,16,18,25,26,29
• 3. Authoritative- parents who use firm ,clear but
  flexible and rational modes of child rearing
• s- 4,5,8,11,15,20,22,23,27,30
• 4. Total them up

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Social Development Child Rearing Practices-
Baumrind

• Authoritarian
• parents impose rules and expect obedience
• Dont interrupt
• Why? Because I said so.
• Permissive
• submit to childrens desires
• make few demands
• use little punishment

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Social Development- Child-Rearing Practices

• Authoritative
• parents are both demanding and responsive
• set rules, but explain reasons
• encourage discussion
• Children have highest self esteem and social
  competence
• Rejecting-neglecting
• disengaged
• expect little
• invest little