UNIT 2 CLASSIFICATION

1
UNIT 2CLASSIFICATION

• Vocabulary
• Materials countable vs uncountable nouns
• (i.e. general vs specific)
• Revision of names of materials
• Grammar and functions
• Expressing classification
• AS, HOW and LIKE
• Introduction to connectors

2
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

• ACCORDING TO THE STATE OF MATTER
• SOLIDS, e.g. COPPER
• GASES, e.g. CARBON DIOXIDE
• DIVIDE MATERIALS INTO METALS AND NON-METALS
• DEPENDING ON WHETHER THEY ARE PURE METALS
• ALLOYS, e.g BRONZE
• METALS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO
• IRON AND ALL OF ITS ALLOYS
• LEAD, GOLD OR MERCURY

3
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

• CERAMICS, PLASTICS, COMPOSITES, RUBBER
• PLASTICS, , CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
• THEIR MOLECULAR STRUCTURE CHANGES
• AS MANY TIMES AS NEEDED
• ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
• CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS
• THEY PERMIT AN ELECTRIC CURRENT TO FLOW
• MOST METALS
• LIKE CARBON OR SALT WATER
• PLASTICS AND CERAMICS ARE INSULATORS
• SILICON
• ACT AS CONDUCTORS OR INSULATORS
• IN MANY DIFFERENT WAYS

4
CLASSIFYING

• GENERAL CLASS
• classified divisions
• divided groups
• grouped into types
• is/are arranged classes
• may be categorized categories
• can be
• could be classified
• categorized
• classed as solids, liquids or gases
• grouped
• Includes
• Contains
• consists of
• is made up of
• is formed by
• is composed of
• comprises

5
CLASSIFYING

• SPECIFIC ITEM
• classed
• is classified as GENERAL CLASS
• categorized
• is put into
• falls into the class / category of GENERAL CLASS
  
• belongs to
• is an example (type, kind, form ....) of GENERAL
  CLASS
• IN many / different / various WAYS

6
CLASSIFYING

• Basis of the classification
• criteria
• according to characteristics
• on the basis of the following features
• depending on properties
• whether ( CLAUSE)

7
COMPLETE THE TABLE
8
HOW / AS / LIKE

• HOW
• CÓMO (indirect question) (e.g. He told me how to
  do it)
• LO ADJ/ADV (e.g. Tell me how fast the car runs)
• LIKE
• Adjective IGUAL o SEMEJANTE (opposite
  unlike)
• (e.g. Like poles repel and unlike poles
  attract)
• COMO, PARECIDO A, IGUAL (QUE)
• (e.g. A computer is like a typewriter)
• COMO POR EJEMPLO (e.g.)
• (e.g. Some metals, like steel or brass, are
  alloys)
• Expressions
• TO BE LIKE (e.g. What is it like?)
• TO LOOK LIKE SER PARECIDO A
• (e.g. This object looks like a square box)

9
AS

• Comparative as ... as
• (e.g. Thermoplastics can be heated as many times
  as required)
• In co-relation with SAME the same as
• (e.g. Rubber has the same properties as
  plastics)
• EN CALIDAD DE / COMO
• (e.g. Oil is used as a fuel)
• COMO independent clause
• (e.g. As I was saying, magnetic fields cannot be
  seen)
• A MEDIDA QUE
• (e.g. Steel becomes hard as it cools down)
• PUESTO QUE
• (e.g. Copper is widely used in wires as it is
  ductile and malleable)
• Expressions
• AS IF / AS THOUGH COMO SI ( subjunctive)
• SO AS TO CON OBJETO DE, PARA ( infinitive)
• AS FAR AS EN CUANTO A , CON RESPECTO A

10
EXERCISE

1. AS expected, the lecture began 2 hours late.
2. I am going to explain HOW electrolysis can be
   used AS a process to coat objects with thin films
   of metals LIKE/SUCH AS chromium or gold.
3. Electroplating is LIKE painting an object but
   covering it with a metal.
4. We can observe HOW the needle moves AS we place
   the compass near a coil.
5. A piece of iron can be used AS a magnet when it
   is magnetized.
6. Thermosets break down AS their temperature rises.
7. Some metals, LIKE/SUCH AS aluminium and copper,
   are pure metals.
8. I have never used a device LIKE this one before.
9. Semiconductors act AS conductors under certain
   conditions but AS insulators under others.
10. Electrons are attracted by positively charged
    particles AS they have a negative electric
    charge.
11. The boiler of a power plant works LIKE a big
    kettle.
12. I would like to work AS an engineer for your
    company.
13. We can mention steel AS an example of an alloy.
14. A piece of iron is placed inside the coil SO AS
    TO increase the magnetic properties of the metal

11
GRAMMAR REVISION

• There are MANY (muchos) types of STEEL (acero)
  DEPENDING ON/ON THE BASIS OF/ACCORDING TO (según)
  the materials added to it.
• For example, steel that contains VERY LITTLE (muy
  poco) CARBON (carbono) is known AS (como) low
  carbon steel, and it is very malleable.
• HOWEVER (Sin embargo) steel with a higher carbon
  content becomes LESS (menos) malleable, AS (ya
  que) carbon makes it harder and THEREFORE (por
  lo tanto) more difficult TO MOULD/SHAPE (de
  moldear), but ON THE OTHER HAND (por otra parte)
  it can resist higher loads.
• Other types of STEEL (acero) include some other
  materials, LIKE/SUCH AS (como) chromium to make
  STAINLESS STEEL (acero inoxidable).
• THUS (Así pues), we can classify steel INTO (en)
  different groups ACCORDING TO (según) the
  properties that we require and HOW (cómo) the
  steel is manufactured.

12
CONNECTORS

1. Copper is a good conductor, THEREFORE/THUS it is
   used in wires.
2. Cast iron is not used to withstand impact loads
   BECAUSE/AS/SINCE it is a brittle material.
3. Titanium is used for aircraft frames
   BECAUSE/AS/SINCE it is light and strong.
4. Chromium resists corrosion THEREFORE it is added
   to steels to make them rust proof.
5. Aluminium and iron are pure metals WHEREAS/WHILE
   bronze and steel are alloys
6. Stainless steels have a high strength. HOWEVER,
   they are expensive and difficult to machine.
7. Tin is used to coat other materials to protect
   them BECAUSE/AS/SINCE it resists corrosion
8. Tin is expensive THUS/THEREFORE the coats of tin
   are very thin.
9. Nickel chromium improve the properties of
   metals THEREFORE /AS A RESULT they are added to
   steel
10. Alloys, i.e. / THAT IS mixtures of materials,.

13
ESSAY 1 (Units 1-2)

• In about 150 words write different
  CLASSIFICATIONS for the materials of the book
  (p30) and DESCRIBE some of them. USE STRUCTURES
  OF UNITS 1 (p 13) 2 (p 27) INCLUDE and
  UNDERLINE
• - BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION (p 27)
• - THE EXPRESSIONS AS, HOW LIKE (p28)
• AT LEAST 3 CONNECTORS
• STRUCTURES of DESCRIPTION (p13) CLASSIFICATION
• 5 ADJECTIVES FORMED WITH A SUFFIX (p 17)
• DEADLINE 13th MARCH
• (essays will only be accepted within given
  timelines)