Unit 7: Twentieth Century Since 1945

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Unit 7Twentieth Century Since 1945

• Global History II Review

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Cold War

• Europe Divided
• West Europe/ Germany (Pro Democracy)
• East Europe/ Germany (Communist)
• Iron Curtain/ Berlin Wall
• Germany and Japan Rebuild
• Democracy comes to West Germany
• Germany learned lessons from Holocaust
• Japan adopts Constitution (Democracy)

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Cold War

• Superpowers (USA vs. USSR)
• Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
• Economic and military plans to assist European
  nations sympathetic to democracy
• NATO vs. Warsaw Pact Nations
• Defensive alliances formed (Dem/ Com)
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Dem)
• Warsaw Pact (Communists)

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Cold War

• Events of the Cold War across World
• Hungarian Revolt (1956)
• Nationalist Revolt put down by Soviet Troops
• Czechoslovakia (1968)
• Soviets used force again to suppress rebellion
• Arms Race between nations (Nuclear as well)
• Space Race (Sputnik and race to the moon)
• Korean War (1950) Ended with N S Koreas
• Vietnam War (1960s-70s) Communists won

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Cold War

• Cold War in the Middle East
• Egypt/ USSR vs. Israel/ USA
• USA and USSR interest in Iranian Oil fields
• Cold War in Africa (Congo and Angola)
• Cold War in Latin America (Cuba)
• Fidel Castro turned to Soviets for aide
• Failed Bay of Pigs invasion by USA
• Cuban Missile Crisis- brink of tensions

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Cold War

• Nonaligned Nations
• Nations that chose not to join either side
• Remained neutral (traded with both sides)
• India, Yugoslavia, and many African nations
• United Nations
• Nations aired differences peacefully
• Nations voted in blocs supporting USA or USSR

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Economic Issues

• Market Economy vs. Command Economy
• Market is most similar to capitalism (private)
• Command is similar to communism (state)
• Economies of Developing Nations
• Nations with limited resources or without modern
  industrial economies
• Issues Building industry, improving farming, and
  controlling population growth
• Examples India, Egypt, Latin America, Africa

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Economic Issues

• Economic recovery and cooperation
• European nations worked together
• Common Market and the European Union (Euro)
• Japan becomes an economic superpower
• Economic reforms and favorable balance of trade
  have helped economy of Japan
• OPEC and Oil in the Middle East
• Cartel Organization of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries controls the worlds oil supply (price)

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Chinese Communist Revolution

• Communists Rise to Power under Mao
• Long March fought off Nationalist forces
• Peasants joined forces with Mao and Reds
• Great Leap Forward created communes
• Cultural Revolution renew loyalty to Marxism
• Communism under Deng Xiaoping
• Four Modernizations Contact with the West
• Farming, Industry, Science/Tech, and Defense were
  all modernized
• Tiananmen Square Massacre Students demanded
  democratic reforms and were attacked by troops

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Collapse of European Imperialism

• Indian Independence and Partition (1947)
• Britain gives India independence
• Muslims and Hindus clashed/ Pakistan made
• Democratic/Parliamentary form of government
• Hindu Caste system underwent changes
• Status of women drastically improve (leaders)
• Independent Nations in Africa
• Pan-Africanism Failed attempt to have a unified
  continent of Africa (like United States)

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Collapse of European Imperialism

• Independent Nations in Africa
• Ghana Kwame Nkrumah (Pan-Africanism)
• Kenya Jomo Kenyatta from Britain
• Algeria Fought French for freedom
• Africa depends greatly on European trade
• Ethnic tensions in Africa
• Rwanda Fighting between Hutu and Tutsi tribes
• South Africa Ended Apartheid in 1994 (Mandela)
• Apartheid (legal separation of races)

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Collapse of European Imperialism

• Difficulties and Struggles in SEA
• Vietnam Ho Chi Minh fought for freedom from
  French colonial rule
• Vietnam then involved in war (Communists and
  Nationalists fought for control)
• Cambodia Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot led a reign
  of terror over the people over million were
  killed
• Myanmar Former British possession now led by
  military junta despite elections

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Conflicts in Middle East

• Geography (crossroads of the world)
• Oil resources has brought tremendous wealth
• State of Israel creates tensions with Arabs
• 1947 Israel is created by UN for a Jewish
  homeland following the Holocaust
• Palestinians and Arab-Israeli Wars
• PLO (Yasir Arafat) used terrorist acts against
  Israel
• Camp David Accords Peace agreement
• Still tensions and fighting in the area

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Conflicts in Middle East

• Iranian Revolution (1979)
• 1953 Shah Reza Pahlavi westernized Iran
• 1970s opposition the Shah led by Ayatollah
  Khomeini and overthrew the government
• Islamic Fundamentalism rose in ME
• Issues with Iraq and Saddam Hussein
• Iran-Iraq War 1980 border dispute
• Persian Gulf War 1991 Iraq invaded Kuwait

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Collapse of Communism (USSR)

• Cold War Tensions begin to thaw (1970s)
• Détente- lessening of tensions
• SALT (disarmament talks)
• Soviets invade Afghanistan and lose
• Gorbachev brings reforms to USSR
• Perestroika Economic reforms (free market)
• Glasnost Openness to discuss problems

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Collapse of Communism (USSR)

• Breakup of the Soviet Union (1991)
• Republics broke free of USSR (Baltic lands)
• Eastern Europe changes to Democracies
• Poland Lech Walesa and Solidarity movement moved
  toward democracy
• Germany is united as one nation (Wall Falls)
• Ethnic Tensions surfaced in Balkans
• Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia broke apart

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Changes in Latin America

• Political and social upheavals after WWII
• Argentina Juan Peron came to power
• Repressive government
• Nicaragua Sandinistas (communists) vs. Contras
  for control of country
• Mexico Periods of rebellion 1960-2000
• Panama Panama Canal important (trade)
• Catholic Church important in society