Native America v. America

1
Native America v. America

• A Tumultuous Relationship

2
The Question

• Evaluate the validity of this statement The
  relationship between Native Americans and
  Americans (1620-present) has always been negative.

3
Background Pre-colonization

• Southwest large irrigation systems, large towns,
  etc

• Great Plains sedentary farming, permanent
  settlements, some nomadic tribes hunted buffalo

• East greatest food sourcesfarming, hunting,
  gathering all together

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Three categorizations
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As NeighborsEncounter
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Exchange

• The Good Exchange of crops, animals, farming
• The Bad Importation of disease and violence

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Relationship with Spanish

• Conquistadores, encomiendas
• came as conquerors
• way more men than women intermarriage

8
Relationship with French

• fur trade
• didnt want to establish substantial towns
• needed Nat. Am help with finding fur
• some intermarriage

9
Relationship with British

• Settlement, New Society
• forced to be amicable because of need
• Established trading in New England
• came to build a new society
• paganism threat to religious society
• more self-reliant, more hostile

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1675 King Philips War

• Wampanoags direct response to colonial attempt to
  apply their laws to tribe
• Killed over 1000 settlers in 3 years
• 1676 Mohawks allied with colonists kill
  Metacomet (King Philip)

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RevolutionPick Your Horse

• 13,000 warriors fought on the British side
• Americans resented tribal help to Brits
• wanted to treat them as a conquered people

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Noble Savages

• Others saw them as needing to be civilized
  (Jefferson)

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Isolation and Eradication1830s-1840s

• noble savage idea had become savage
  especially in West (remember common man)

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Assimilation1880s-1940s

• return to idea that Indians are civilizable
• Offshoot of Progressive era
• Kill the Indian, save the Man

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Indian Boarding Schools

• creation of Indian boarding schools
• No language
• No traditions
• No families
• Sent out to white families on breaks to work as
  servants
• 1879 Carlisle Indian Industrial School (PA)

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Conservation of Culture1935-1950

• Indian New Deal
• Romanticization of American Indian culture
• Many stereotypes still prevalent

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Self-DeterminationAmerican Indian Movement1970s

• AIM
• Grew out of Civil Rights Movement of 1960s
• reclamation of tribal land
• Much more forceful than other movements
• 75 takeovers of federal buildings or land
• 1969 Alcatraz, 1972 Trail of Broken Treaties,
  1973 Pine Ridge (Wounded Knee)

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As Landowners
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Go West, Young Man

• Land issue
• westward movement of settlers creates tensions
  with Native American tribes

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French and Indian WarStuck in the Middle with
You

• 1748 Iroquois grant trading rights to English
  merchants in interior
• tensions build until war breaks out in 1754 (Fort
  Necessity, Fort Duquesne)
• Almost all tribes aligned with French
• Iroquois aligned with GB, but also essentially
  didnt fight at all

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Back to Where We Started

• War ends with Peace of Paris (1763)
• white settlers begin crossing into valley
  immediately
• Pontiacs Rebellion (1763)
• Proclamation of 1763
• improved British relations with Native Americans
• line didnt work

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Land in the New Republic

• Western Frontier
• Land ordinances of 1784-87 led to border conflicts

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Sign on the Dotted Line

• 1784, 85, 86 Iroquois, Choctaws, Cherokee,
  Creek, Chickasaws all signed treaties with
  government ceding land

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Resistance

• 1791 Little Turtle led Shawnee, Miami and
  Delaware in battles near Ohio border

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1795 Miami signed Treaty of Grenville

• lots of land for recognition of claim to the part
  they kept
• first recognition by US govt of sovereignty of
  Indian nations

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More Tricky Treaties

• 1801 Jefferson assimilate or move west of
  Mississippi
• Give up claims in Northwest Territory
• Harrison manipulated treaties
• by 1807 US had treaty rights to Eastern
  Michigan, Southern Indiana, most of IL
• land taken in GA, MI, TN

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Tecumseh and the Prophet

• Rise of the Prophet (Tenskwatawa)
• brought tribes together through religion (so
  rolled over to politics and military)
• Prophets brother was Tecumseh
• led secular unification of all tribes of
  Mississippi Valley
• 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe

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Indian Removal1830-1839

1. Remember savage
2. Fear of unending violence in West
3. Desire for land

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Congressional Legislation

• 1830 Removal Act
• provided funds for negotiating treaties that
  would remove tribes to West
• 1834 Indian Intercourse Act created Indian
  Territory west of Mississippi

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Dislocation of Five Civilized Tribes

• 1830 Choctaws removed
• 1835 Treaty of New Echota with Cherokee
• 1836 Creeks
• 1837 Chickasaw
• 1838 Trail of Tears

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Summary

• by 1839
• All important Indian societies moved west
• 100 mill acres of land ceded
• received 68 mill
• 32 mill acres of less usable land in exchange

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Westward Expansionthe Far West

• Government policy
• 1851 each tribe assigned its own treaty instead
  of One Big Reservation idea
• allowed government to take most desirable land
  and separate Indians physically and politically

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Resistance

• Continual fighting from 1850s-1880s
• treaties of 1867temporary peace
• new settlers moved into lands guaranteed to
  tribes in early 1870s
• federal government stopped recognizing tribes as
  independent entities
• would no longer negotiate with chiefs

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Indian Wars End

• Fierce fighting through Civil War
• 1874-1886 Geronimo fought from bases in Mexico
  and Arizona
• dwindling troops as people died or gave up
• surrendered in 1886official end of fighting
  betweens whites and Indians

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As Citizens
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Constitution

• Addressed Native Americans
• excluded native americans not taxed from pop
  count for representation
• gave Congress power to negotiate treaties with
  tribes
• Art. VI kept all treaties under Articles of
  Confederation valid
• legal standing very unclearbig issue as time
  went on

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In the Courts

• Marshall made decisions that helped to clarify
  political status of Native Americans

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Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)

• leaders of Illinois and Pinakeshaw tribes sold
  land to white settlers (Johnson)
• then ceded land to US government
• Government issued homesteads to new white
  settlers (McIntosh)
• Marshall favored government
• Only government could buy or take land from
  Native Americans

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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1829)

• GA passed a law abolishing Cherokee legislature
  and courts
• Marshall refused to hear case Cherokee not a
  foreign nation
• Trust Relationship
• Tribes Government ward guardian

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Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

• GA passed law requiring any citizen wanting to
  enter Cherokee territory to get permission from
  governor
• 2 missionaries sued claiming violation of federal
  power to regulate trade
• Marshall invalidated GA law
• Tribes were sovereign entities like GA, and so
  they had boundaries in which their authority is
  exclusive

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The Dawes Severalty Act 1887

• gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land
• 160 to head of family, 80 to a single adult or
  orphan, 40 acres to each dependent child
• force assimilation to white model of society
• tribal land reduced from 155 mil acres to 48 mil
  acres by 1934

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Citizenship Granted

• Inconsistent citizenship
• by marrying white men
• through military service
• by allotments
• 1924 Indian Citizenship Act

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New Deal for Indians1933-1945

• 1933 John Collier commissioner of Indian Affairs
• created Indian Emergency Conservation Program
  (IECP)
• employed 85,000 Nat Am
• required other organizations to hire Native
  Americans too

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1934 Indian Reorganization Act

• ended Dawes
• provided funds for tribes to buy new land
• recognized tribal constitutions
• federal grants to provide social services
• prohibitions on language, religion and custom
  lifted

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Termination Era1950s

• Attempt to reduce government involvement
• Return to assimilation
• Reduced responsibilities of BIA
• Tried to repay tribes for lands taken illegally
• HCR 108 (1953) Official end of trust relationship

• "In return for being terminated, individual
  tribal members received a check for the value of
  their landThe check did not compensate for the
  loss of federal benefits or the new tax burdens. 
  It could not pay for the loss of tribal
  governmental authority, or compensate for the
  discrimination that followed in the state
  agencies and courts.  Perhaps most tragic of all,
  the check could not possibly pay for the
  psychological costs of "not being an Indian any
  more."
• Reprinted from Federal Indian Law, Getches and
  Wilkinson, 2nd Ed., 1998, with permission of the
  West Group.  

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Self-Determination1970-present

• Native American tribes are semi-autonomous
• Independent governments
• federal government in role of protector to allow
  for self-government