The Roaring Twenties

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The Roaring Twenties

• Unit 2
• HUSH 111B

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The Roaring 20s

• American society changed in many ways following
  World War I.
• The country withdrew into isolationism and called
  for worldwide disarmament
• Conflict existed between Americans ready to adopt
  new manners and new ways and those who tried to
  resist the forces of change.

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Postwar Adjustments

• Economic Adjustments
• Wartime demand dropped
• Soldiers faced unemployment
• Lower demand
• Higher cost of living
• Labor Unrest increased
• Discrimination against blacks

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A Republican Decade

• Warren G. Harding
• Elected in 1920
• Scandals
• Died August 3 1923
• Calvin Coolidge
• Silent Cal
• Laissez Faire Capitalism
• The business of the American people is business
• Herbert Hoover 1928
• Led to Depression

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Republican Foreign Policy

• Harding
• Isolationism (leads to nativism)
• Disarmament reducing the size and strength of
  the military
• Limiting Immigration Quota for 350,000 people
  per year to immigrate
• Coolidge
• Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
• Aristide Briand and Frank. B. Kellogg signed the
  Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris).
• The treaty outlawed war
• The US Senate ratified it in 1929 and over the
  next few years forty-six nations signed a similar
  agreement committing themselves to peace.

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Political Scandals

• Warren G. Harding
• 1921-1923
• Worst President in the history of the U.S.
• Hardings cabinet was extremely corrupt
• Several accused of bribery
• Never linked directly to Harding however he was
  hurt by scandal
• Appointed former President Taft as Chief Justice
• Died in office in 1923
• Replaced by Coolidge

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Calvin Coolidge

• Succeeded to the Presidency upon the death of
  Warren G. Harding.
• He was elected in his own right in 1924, and
  gained a reputation as a small-government
  conservative.
• Believed the League of Nations did not serve
  American interests, and he did not advocate
  membership in it.

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More Political Scandals

• Teapot Dome Scandal
• Worst of the scandals
• Involved Hardings cabinet and illegal drilling
  rights in an oil field in CA known as Tea Pot
  Dome

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Nativism

• refers to a widespread attitude in a society of a
  rejection of alien persons or culture
• Believed immigrants could not be fully loyal to
  the US
• Did not like Jews, Catholics, or Orthodox
  Christians
• City problems (slums,corruption) were blamed on
  the immigrants
• Immigrants meant competition for jobs
• Believed they carried dangerous political ideas
• Socialism, Anarchy, etc.
• Most of them came from very politically unstable
  countries

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The Red Scare

• The Red Scare
• Russian Revolution
• Bolsheviks
• Vladimir Lenin
• Communism
• Renewed Nativism
• Palmer Raids
• Anti-Immigration Laws
• American Civil Liberties Union
• Sacco and Vanzetti

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Public Opinion
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Reasons to Fear- Would Communism Spread??
The government promises to create revolutions in
other countries and spread communism
The government owns all land and property
Communism in the Soviet Union
A single political party controls the government
Individuals have no rights that the government is
legally bound to respect
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• Attorney General Palmer became convinced that
  Communist agents were planning to overthrow the
  American government
• Thirty-eight bombs sent to leading politicians by
  anarchists
• Palmer recruited J. Edgar Hoover as his special
  assistant and together they used the Espionage
  Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) to launch
  a campaign against radicals and left-wing
  organizations.
• The public lost interest by spring of 1920 as one
  Palmer- predicted terrorist attack after another
  failed to occur

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Schenck v United States

• During World War I, Charles T. Schenck produced a
  pamphlet maintaining that the military draft was
  illegal
• Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes
  rejected the argument that the pamphlet was
  protected by the First Amendment.
• He argued that the government is justified in
  silencing free speech only if there is a clear
  and present danger to the nation

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Labor Unrest

• Communist Plot
• 1919 Bombings?
• Because of the violence, Economic Boom, and
  increased wages Union membership declined from 5
  million to 3.4 million in 1920

• One of the key social tensions of the era
• 1919 4 million workers held 3600 strikes
• Most strikes were beat down by federal authorities

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Strikes

• Steelworkers 1919
• Gary, Indiana
• US Steel Corporation used force to break the
  strike
• 18 dead, 100s seriously wounded
• federal troops occupied the city for several
  months.
• United Mine Workers Coal Strike

• Boston Police Strike
• (1919), police commissioner refused to recognize
  a policemen's union.
• Governor Calvin Coolidge finally called out the
  state militia to maintain order in the city,
  declaring "There is no right to strike against
  the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime.".

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Public Opinion
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Public Opinion
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Prohibition- the "noble experiment"

• National prohibition of alcohol (1920-33)--the
  was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption,
  solve social problems, reduce the tax burden
  created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve
  health and hygiene in America.
• 1919
• 18th Amendment
• Volstead Act
• 1933
• 21st Amendment-
• Blaine Act

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Per Capita Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages
(Gallons of Pure Alcohol) 1910-1929.
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Science vs. Religion DebateScopes Monkey Trial

• Creationism v Evolution
• John T. Scopes, TN Teacher taught Darwins Origin
  of Species to students
• Lawyer for ACLU
• Clarence Darrow
• Lawyer for Creationists
• William Jennings Bryant
• Creationists won case, but lost battle of public
  opinion

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Rising Intolerance

• Nationwide Racial Discrimination
• Yellow Peril
• African Americans in the North
• Anti Semitic business practices
• Mexicans
• KKK Violence
• The New Ku Klux Klan
• White, Protestant, native born, Americans
• Hiram Wesley Evans Imperial Wizard
• Over 4 million member in 1924

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Sacco and Vanzetti

• Two Italian immigrants wrongly accused of murder
  and robbery
• They were convicted and executed for the crime
  even though another man confessed
• Many observers believed that their conviction
  resulted from prejudice against them as Italian
  immigrants and because they held radical
  political beliefs
• Fifty years later, on 23rd August, 1977, the
  Governor of Massachusetts, issued a proclamation,
  effectively absolving the two men of the crime

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A Consumer Economy

• Buying On Credit
• Age of Electricity
• Ford and the Automobile
• Effects on the rest of the economy
• Industrial growth

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Henry Ford

• Was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and
  father of modern assembly lines used in mass
  production.
• His introduction of the Model T automobile
  revolutionized transportation and American
  industry.

Any customer can have a car painted any color
that he wants so long as it is black".
http//www.macomb.k12.mi.us/wq/alvaro/video.htm
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Society in the 1920s
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The Flapper and Changes for Women

• Style
• bobbed their Hair
• Wore makeup and shorter dresses
• Smoked and drank in public
• Work and Politics
• Women moved into office, sales, and professional
  jobs
• Voted in local and national elections
• Elected to political office

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Important Roaring 20s Demographics

• The Great Migration
• The movement of African-Americans from the South
  to the North in search of jobs and equality
• Immigration changes
• Less from Europe
• More from Canada and Mexico
• Development of barrios
• Growth of Suburbs
• Trolley lines brought commuters to work in the
  cities

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Important Roaring 20s Demographics

• The Great Migration
• The movement of African-Americans from the South
  to the North in search of jobs and equality
• Immigration changes
• Less from Europe
• More from Canada and Mexico
• Development of barrios
• Growth of Suburbs
• Trolley lines brought commuters to work in the
  cities

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Trolley Line in Inman ParkAtlanta, GA
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American Heroes

• Charles Lucky Lindy Lindberg
• Amelia Earhart
• Jack Dempsey
• Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig
• Gertrude Ederle
• Helen Wills (Moody)

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Mass Media

• Newspapers
• Between 1920 and 1930circulation rose from 27.8
  million to almost 40 million
• Motion Pictures
• Moviemaking became the 4th largest business in
  the country
• 1922 40 million viewers per week, 1930, 90
  million per week
• Radio
• NBC
• Medium for the masses
• United the countryWhy?

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The Harlem Renaissance

• In the early 1900s, particularly in the 1920s,
  African-American literature, art, music, dance,
  and social commentary began to flourish in
  Harlem, a section of New York City.
• This African-American cultural movement became
  known as "The New Negro Movement" and later as
  the Harlem Renaissance.

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Background

• Harlem, a neighborhood in New York City, was the
  center of the African American political,
  cultural, and artistic movement in the 1920s and
  1930s.
• The Harlem Renaissance emerged in a time of
  social and intellectual upheaval in the African
  American community.

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Causes

• The Great Migration, a movement of hundreds of
  thousands of African Americans from rural to
  urban areas was a factor
• A growing middle class also helped foster the
  growth
• Increasing numbers of educated and socially
  conscious African Americans

Dust to Dust by Jacob Lawrence
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Art, Music, and Literature

• More than a literary movement, the Harlem
  Renaissance exalted the unique culture of
  African-Americans and redefined African-American
  expression.
• African-Americans were encouraged to celebrate
  their heritage.

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Langston Hughes

• Was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short
  story writer, and newspaper columnist.
• Hughes is quoted as saying that in his work he
  confronted racial stereotypes, protested social
  conditions, and expanded African Americas image
  of itself
• He considered himself a peoples poet who
  sought to reeducate both audience and artist by
  lifting the theory of the black aesthetic into
  reality

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The Negro Speaks of Riversby Langston Hughes

• I've known rivers
• I've known rivers ancient as the world and older
  than the
• flow of human blood in human veins.
• My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
• I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young.
• I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to
  sleep.
• I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids
  above it.
• I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe
  Lincoln
• went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy
  
• bosom turn all golden in the sunset.
• I've known rivers
• Ancient, dusky rivers.
• My soul has grown deep like the rivers.

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American Art in the 1920s

• Art movements included the modernist movement,
  abstract expressionism, surrealism, dadism, and
  landscapes.

Georgia OKeefe
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Edward Hopper
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The Jazz Age

• Jazz Clubs
• 500 clubs in Harlem alone
• Cotton Club, Connies Inn, The Saratoga Club
• Jelly Roll Morton Band, Louis Armstrong
  (Satchmo), Duke Ellington

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Duke Ellington

• Born Edward Kennedy Ellington, Duke Ellington was
  one of the founding fathers of jazz music.
• He started playing piano at the age of seven, and
  by the time he was 15, he was composing.
• A pianist, bandleader, arranger, and composer,
  Ellington and his band played together for 50
  years.
• Some of Ellington's most famous songs include
  "Don't Get Around Much Anymore," "Sophisticated
  Lady" and "In a Sentimental Mood."

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George Gershwin

• George Gershwin was an American composer who
  wrote most of his vocal and theatrical works in
  collaboration with his elder brother lyricist Ira
  Gershwin.
• Gershwin is known for his contributions to the
  world of jazz known as Tin Pan Alley
• His most famous pieces include the lyrics from
  Porgy and Bess and Rhapsody in Blue

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

• Regarded as one of the greatest American writers
  of the 20th century.
• Fitzgerald was the self-styled spokesman of the
  "Lost Generation", Americans born in the 1890s
  who came of age during World War I.
• He finished four novels, left a fifth unfinished,
  and wrote dozens of short stories that treat
  themes of youth, despair, and age.
• The Great Gatsby
• This Side of Paradise

Fitzgerald and his wife, Zelda
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Marcus Garvey and Black Pride

• Alternative solutions to accepting white
  supremacy
• Marcus Garvey-
• the first man to give millions of Negroes a
  sense of dignity and destiny MLK
• Black Pride
• Published the Negro World
• Black Eagle Flying Corps
• Empower blacks worldwide toward economic,
  religious, psychological, and cultural
  independence
• Believed in racial separatism

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Thats it for the 20s

• Read your chapters!!!
• Test on Friday!!!